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摘要:
为解决大规模塔式定日镜场边缘区域光学效率低的问题，提出了三塔光热电站交叠式镜场布局的优化方法及重叠区域定日镜的多目标瞄准策略。首先，基于粒子群算法对单塔镜场布局进行优化，得到最优的单塔镜场布局；然后，将单塔镜场进行排列，通过优化三塔间的距离得到最优的三塔交叠式镜场布局；最后，根据定日镜瞬时光学效率对重叠区域的定日镜进行多目标瞄准策略优化。对三塔式镜场聚光过程进行了建模，比较了三塔交叠式镜场和三塔分布式镜场的光学效率，结果表明：三塔交叠式镜场比三塔分布式镜场的年均光学效率提高了0.24%，且镜场布置更紧凑，占地面积更小。
Abstract:To address the low optical efficiency in the peripheral regions of large-scale solar power tower heliostat fields, this study proposes an overlapping layout optimization method and a multi-target aiming strategy for triple-tower solar thermal power plants. First, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is utilized to determine the optimal configuration for a single-tower layout. These individual fields are then arranged, and the optimal overlapping triple-tower layout is established by refining the inter-tower distances. Finally, a multi-target aiming strategy is implemented for heliostats within the overlapping zones based on their instantaneous optical efficiency. By modeling the solar concentration process and comparing layout configurations, the results demonstrate that the annual average optical efficiency of the overlapping triple-tower field is 0.24% higher than that of the distributed counterpart. Furthermore, the overlapping arrangement is more compact, resulting in a significantly reduced land footprint.
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图 1 三塔一机分布式镜场布局
Figure 1. Three-Tower and One-Turbine distributed heliostat field layout
图 2 三塔一机交叠式镜场布局
Figure 2. Three-tower and one-turbine overlapping heliostat field layout
图 3 优化后的60 MW单塔光热电站镜场
Figure 3. Optimized heliostat field for a 60 MW single-tower STP plant
图 4 三塔分布式镜场效率分布
Figure 4. Efficiency distribution of a three-tower distributed heliostat field
图 5 三塔交叠式镜场（a）效率分布及（b）年均加权光学效率
Figure 5. (a) Efficiency distribution and (b) Annual weighted optical of the three-tower overlapping heliostat field
图 6 多目标瞄准策略优化流程图
Figure 6. The flowchart of the multi-target aiming strategy optimization
图 7 夏至日(N=173)不同时刻的优化效果
Figure 7. Optimization effects at different times on the summer solstice (N=173)
图 8 典型定日镜优化前后效率对比。(a)、(b) 定日镜 1 优化前后结果；(c)、(d) 定日镜 2 优化前后结果。
Figure 8. Efficiency comparison of typical heliostats before and after optimization. (a), (b) Heliostat 1 before and after optimization; (c), (d) Heliostat 2 before and after optimization.
图 9 多目标瞄准策略优化(a) 前、(b) 后的年均加权光学效率
Figure 9. Annual weighted optical efficiency (a) before and (b) after multi-target aiming strategy multi-target aiming strategy optimization
表 1 德令哈地区60 MW单塔光热电站镜场设计参数
Table 1. Design parameters of the heliostat field for a 60 MW single-tower STP plant in Delingha
类别 参数名称 数值 地理位置 地区名称 德令哈 纬度 37.36° 经度 97.3° 定日镜 定日镜数 5000 镜面高度 9.752 m 镜面宽度 12.305 m 立柱高度 5.38 m 镜面面积 120 m2 有效反射面积 115.7 m2 有效面积比 0.96 镜面反射率 0.93 吸热器 塔光学高度 240 m 吸热板数 16 吸热器高度 15.33 m 吸热器直径 14.8 m 
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表 2 PSO优化后的60 MW单塔镜场布局参数
Table 2. Heliostat field layout parameters for the 60 MW single-tower plant optimized by PSO
镜场设计参数 优化范围 最优值 方位间距因子 1～2 1.236 径向交错方位间距因子 1～2 1.83 径向交错径向间距因子 1～2 1 径向交错分区间距因子 1～2 1 南北比例因子 0.3～1 0.4
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表 3 镜场布置方案的年加权光学效率
Table 3. Annual weighted optical efficiency of the heliostat field layout
(%) 布置方案 总光学效率 余弦效率 截断效率 大气衰减效率 阴影挡光效率 三塔交叠式(无瞄准策略) 62.96 82.75 95.11 92.54 96.97 三塔交叠式(瞄准策略) 63.56 83.56 95.35 92.58 96.71 三塔分布式 63.32 83.27 95.05 92.37 97.17 单塔 49.4 77.43 86.33 90.38 91.77
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