2 μm波段固体激光器被动锁模技术研究进展

段小明; 赵禹淇; 吴佳泽

doi:10.37188/CO.2026-0090

2 μm波段固体激光器被动锁模技术研究进展

doi: 10.37188/CO.2026-0090

cstr: 32171.14.CO.2026-0090

段小明^{1, 2, ,},
赵禹淇^{1, 2,},
吴佳泽^1,

1.
哈尔滨工业大学激光空间信息全国重点实验室, 黑龙江哈尔滨 150001
2.
哈尔滨工业大学郑州高等研究院, 河南郑州 450000

基金项目: 黑龙江省重点研发计划项目（No. SC2022ZX07D0009）；河南省重点研发专项（No. 241111212600）

详细信息

作者简介:
段小明（1981—），男，黑龙江哈尔滨人，博士，教授，博士生导师。2007年、2012年于哈尔滨工业大学分别获得硕士学位和博士学位，主要从事中长波红外固体激光产生、调控及应用方面的研究工作。E-mail：xmduan@hit.edu.cn

赵禹淇（2001—），男，吉林长春人，本科学历，2024 年于哈尔滨工业大学获得学士学位，现为哈尔滨工业大学在读研究生，研究方向为中红外固体激光技术。E-mail：16844849@qq.com

吴佳泽（1993—），男，吉林长春人，哈尔滨工业大学航天学院副研究员，硕士生导师，2025 年于哈尔滨工业大学获得博士学位，研究方向为窄线宽固体激光技术、相干探测激光雷达技术、差分吸收雷达光源技术、中红外固体激光技术等。E-mail：wujiaze@hit.edu.cn

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出版历程
- 网络出版日期: 2026-08-10

Research progress on passive mode-locking technology of 2 μm band solid-state lasers

DUAN Xiao-ming^{1, 2
, ,},
ZHAO Yu-qi^{1, 2
,},
WU Jia-ze^1
,

1.
National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Harbin Institute Technology, Harbin 150001, China
2.
Zhengzhou Advanced Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China

Funds: Supported by

More Information

Corresponding author: xmduan@hit.edu.cn

摘要

摘要:
2 μm波段超短脉冲激光凭借其人眼安全、处于大气传输窗口等独特优势，在国防、医疗、通信及科研等领域展现出巨大的应用价值。被动锁模技术作为产生此类超短脉冲的核心手段，已成为固体激光器领域的研究热点。本文系统综述了2 μm波段被动锁模固体激光器的最新研究进展。首先，阐述了被动锁模的基本原理，分析了包括克尔透镜锁模等多种锁模方案的物理机制，并介绍了Tm³⁺、Ho³⁺及其共掺体系作为增益介质的能级动力学特性。随后，重点围绕克尔透镜锁模、半导体可饱和吸收镜锁模以及低维纳米材料锁模三大主流技术路线展开详细论述。本文对不同锁模方案的性能及实现方法进行了比较，总结了各类被动锁模激光器的研究成果，同时对2 μm波段被动锁模固体激光器的未来发展进行了讨论与展望。
- 2微米激光 /
- 被动锁模 /
- 固体激光器 /
- 超快激光
Abstract:
Ultra-short pulse lasers operating in the 2μm band boast unique merits such as eye safety and compatibility with atmospheric transmission windows, endowing them with immense application value in national defense, medical treatment, communication, scientific research and other fields. As a core method to generate such ultra-short pulses, passive mode-locking technology has become a research hotspot in the field of solid-state lasers. This paper systematically reviews the latest research advances in 2 μm-band passively mode-locked solid-state lasers. Firstly, it elaborates on the fundamental principle of passive mode locking, analyzes the physical mechanisms of diverse mode-locking schemes including Kerr lens mode locking(KLM), and introduces the energy level dynamic characteristics of Tm³⁺, Ho³⁺ and their co-doped systems as gain media. Afterwards, three mainstream technical routes, namely Kerr lens mode locking, semiconductor saturable absorber mirror mode locking and low-dimensional nanomaterial mode locking, are discussed in detail as the key focus. This paper compares the performance and implementation approaches of different mode-locking schemes, summarizes the research achievements of various passively mode-locked lasers, and meanwhile discusses and prospects the future development of 2 μm-band passively mode-locked solid-state lasers.
- 2 μm laser /
- passive mode-locking /
- solid-state laser /
- ultrafast laser

HTML全文

图 1 SESAM锁模光路示意图^[33]

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of SESAM mode-locked optical path^[33]

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图 2 （a）Tm³⁺能级结构，（b）Ho³⁺能级结构，（c）Tm³⁺、Ho³⁺共掺能级结构

Figure 2. (a) Energy level structure of Tm³⁺, (b) Energy level structure of Ho³⁺, (c) Energy level structure of Tm³⁺ and Ho³⁺ co-doping

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图 3 SWCNT辅助克尔透镜锁模光路示意图^[59]

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of SWCNT-assisted kerr-lens mode-locked optical path^[59]

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图 4 Ho:CALGO激光器环形腔光路示意图^[64]

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of Ho:CALGO laser ring cavity optical path^[64]

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图 5 Tm:YLF锁模激光器光路示意图^[75]

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of Tm:YLF mode-locked laser optical path^[75]

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图 6 Tm光纤同带泵浦SESAM锁模激光器光路示意图^[91]

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of Tm fiber band-shared pumped SESAM mode-locked laser optical path^[91]

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图 7 Tm:GdScO₃激光器SESAM锁模激光器光路示意图^[101]

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of Tm fiber band-shared pumped SESAM mode-locked laser optical path^[101]

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图 8 SWCNT-SA锁模Tm:LuYO₃激光器光路示意图^[114]

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of SWCNT-SA mode-locked Tm:LuYO₃ laser optical path^[114]

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图 9 双层石墨烯锁模Tm,Ho:CLNGG激光器光路示意图^[128]

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of double-layer graphene mode locked Tm,Ho:CLNGG laser optical path^[128]

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图 10 MoS₂锁模Tm:YAG激光器光路示意图^[135]

Figure 10. Schematic diagram of MoS₂ mode-Locked Tm:YAG laser optical path^[135]

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图 11 ZrTe₅-SA Tm:YAG陶瓷激光器光路示意图^[142]

Figure 11. Schematic diagram of optical path of ZrTe₅-SA Tm:YAG ceramic laser^[142]

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表 1 2 μm固体激光器典型激活粒子性能比较

Table 1. Comparison of typical activated particle performance for 2 μm solid-state lasers

主要参数	Tm³⁺	Ho³⁺	Tm³⁺/Ho³⁺共掺
主要泵浦波长/nm	785~800	1900~1950	785~900
激光跃迁	³F₄$ \rightarrow $³H₆	⁵I₇$ \rightarrow $⁵I₈	Ho³⁺:⁵I₇$ \rightarrow $⁵I₈
典型发射峰/nm	1900~2050	2050~2120	2050~2100
量子效率	180%~200%	90%~100%	150%~200%
发射截面/(10^-21cm²)	0.18~6	2.7~14.3	与Ho³⁺接近
上能级寿命	百微秒级	毫秒级	毫秒级

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表 2 近十年2 μm波段克尔透镜锁模固体激光器输出性能比较

Table 2. Comparison of Output Performances of 2 μm KLM Solid-State Lasers over the Past Decade

年份	锁模方式	激光晶体	平均功率	脉宽	中心波长	参考文献
2017	KLM	Ho:YAG	20 W	220 fs	2090 nm	[57]
2017	KLM	$ \text{Tm:}{\text{Sc}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3} $	0.44 W	166 fs	2124 nm	[56]
	KLM	$ \text{Tm:}{\text{Sc}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3} $	1 W	298 fs	2124 nm	[56]
2020	KLM	$ \text{Tm:}{\text{Sc}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3} $	0.13 W	72 fs	2108 nm	[58]
2020	KLM+SWCNT	Tm:MgWO4	0.10 W	89 fs	2037 nm	[59]
				76 fs	2037 nm	[59]
2021	KLM	$ \text{Tm:}{\text{(Lu,Sc)}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3} $	0.22 W	58 fs	2081 nm	[60]
2021	KLM	$ \text{Tm:}{\text{(Lu,Sc)}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3} $	0.04 W	41 fs	2100 nm	[61]
			0.32 W	73 fs	2100 nm	[61]
			0.05 W	60 fs	2100 nm	[62]
2023	KLM	$ \text{Tm:YSc}{\text{O}}_{3} $	0.13 W	49 fs	2100 nm	[63]
2024	KLM	Ho:CALGO	1.69 W	92 fs	2100 nm	[64]
2024	KLM	$ \text{Tm,Ho:Ca(Gd,Lu)Al}{\text{O}}_{4} $	0.09 W	79 fs	2074 nm	[65]
2025	KLM	$ \text{Tm,Ho:Ca(Gd,Y)Al}{\text{O}}_{4} $	0.20 W	145 fs	2088 nm	[66]
2025	KLM	Ho:CALYO	0.81 W	177 fs	2100 nm	[67]
			0.18 W	166 fs	2100 nm	[67]

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表 3 近十年2 μm波段SESAM锁模固体激光器输出性能比较

Table 3. Comparison of Output Performances of 2 μm SESAM Mode-Locked Solid-State Lasers over the Past Decade

年份	锁模方式	激光晶体	平均功率	脉宽	中心波长	参考文献
2016	GaSb-SESAM	Ho:YAG	10 mW	2.1 ps	2090 nm	[68]
2017	GaInSb-SESAM	$ \text{Tm:KY}{\text{(WO4)}}_{2} $	202 mW	3 ps	2032 nm	[69]
2017	GaSb-SESAM	Tm:LuAG	98 mW	13.6 ps	2024 nm	[70]
2017	SESAM	Tm:YLF	165 mW	94 ps	2300 nm	[71]
2017	SESAM	Tm:LuAG	232 mW	2.7 ps	2022 nm	[72]
2017	SESAM	Tm:CYA	1350 mW	49 ps	1900 nm	[73]
2018	SESAM	$ \text{Tm:LiLu}{\text{F}}_{4} $	200 mW	14 ps	1914 nm	[74]
2018	SESAM	Tm:YLF	95 mW	31 ps	1910 nm	[75]
2018	SESAM	Tm:LuScO	175 mW	230 fs	2057 nm	[76]
			-	63 fs	2057 nm	[76]
2018	GaSb-SESAM	Tm,Ho:CALYO	27 mW	87 fs	2060 nm	[77]
2019	SESAM	$ \text{Tm:LuY}{\text{O}}_{3} $	121 mW	41 ps	2061 nm	[78]
2019	SESAM	$ \text{Tm:Ca}{\text{F}}_{2} $	132 mW	＞15.1 ps	1887 nm	[79]
2019	SESAM	Tm:YAP	166 mW	16.8 ps	1986 nm、1989 nm	[80]
2019	SESAM	Tm:YLF	1040 mW	107 ps	1830 nm	[81]
2020	SESAM	$ \text{Tm,Ho:LiLu}{\text{F}}_{4} $	350 mW	12 ps	1895 nm	[82]
2020	SESAM	Tm:YAG	117 mW	47.9 ps	2012 nm	[83]
2020	GaSb-SESAM	$ \text{Tm:LuY}{\text{O}}_{3} $	133 mW	59 fs	2050 nm	[33]
			51 mW	54 fs		[33]
2021	SESAM	Tm:CALGO	328 mW	33.2 ps	1968 nm	[84]
2021	SESAM	$ \text{Tm:}{\text{(Lu,Sc)}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3} $	114 mW	58 fs	2080 nm	[85]
2021	SESAM	$ \text{Tm,Ho:Ca(Gd,Lu)Al}{\text{O}}_{4} $	121 mW	46 fs	2033 nm	[86]
2022	SESAM	$ \text{Tm:}{\text{Sc}}_{2}\text{Si}{\text{O}}_{5} $	207 mW	16.5 ps	1968 nm	[87]
2022	GaSb-SESAM	Tm,Ho:CALGO	376 mW	52 fs	2015 nm	[88]
2022	SESAM	Ho:CALGO	8700 mW	369 fs	2100 nm	[89]
2022	SESAM	$ \text{Tm:}{\text{(Lu,Sc)}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3} $	1020 mW	280 fs	2060 nm	[90]
			300 mW	66 fs	2076 nm	[90]
2022	SESAM	$ \text{Tm:}{\text{Y}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3} $	260 mW	75 fs	2060 nm	[91]
2022	SESAM	Tm,Ho:GAGG	33 mW	10.8 ps	2090 nm	[92]
			66 mW	16.6 ps	2090 nm	[92]
2023	SESAM	Tm,Ho:CALYGO	-	50 fs	2078 nm	[93]
2023	SESAM	$ \text{Tm:GdSc}{\text{O}}_{3} $	188 mW	44 fs	2042 nm	[94]
2024	SESAM	Tm,Ho:CALYLO	228 mW	68 fs	2050 nm	[95]
			-	58 fs	-	[95]
2024	SESAM	$ \text{Tm,Ho:GdSc}{\text{O}}_{3} $	70 mW	72 fs	2078 nm	[96]
2024	GaSb-SESAM	Tm,Ho:CLNGG	120 mW	88 fs	2090 nm	[97]
2025	SESAM	Tm,Ho:CALYGLO	56 mW	43 fs	2080 nm	[98]
2025	SESAM	Tm:YLF	1520 mW	1.7 ps	-	[99]
2025	SESAM	Tm:CYLA	443 mW	202 fs	1980 nm	[100]
2025	SESAM	$ \text{Tm:GdSc}{\text{O}}_{3} $	-	26 fs	2050 nm	[101]
2026	SESAM	$ \text{Tm:Ca}{\text{F}}_{2} $	171 mW	3.7 ps	1886 nm	[102]
		$ \text{Tm,Gd:Ca}{\text{F}}_{2} $	-	1.7 ps	1886 nm	[102]

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表 4 2 μm波段碳纳米管锁模固体激光器输出性能比较

Table 4. Comparison of output performances of carbon nanotube mode-locked solid-state lasers in 2 μm band

年份	研究单位	锁模方式	激光晶体	平均功率	脉宽	中心波长	参考文献
2009	德国马克思玻恩研究所	SWCNT	$ \text{Tm:KLu}{({{\text{WO}}_{4}})}_{2} $	240 mW	10 ps	1950 nm	[42]
2011	德国马克思玻恩研究所	SWCNT	Tm:YLF	55 mW	19 ps	1888 nm	[106]
2012	德国马克思玻恩研究所	SWCNT	$ \text{Tm:}{\text{Lu}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3} $	36 mW	175 fs	2070 nm	[104]
2012	德国马克思玻恩研究所	SWCNT	$ \text{Tm:KLu}{({{\text{WO}}_{4}})}_{2} $	26 mW	141 fs	2037 nm	[105]
2012	山东师范大学	DWCNT	Tm:YAP	375 mW	41 ps	2023 nm	[107]
2014	德国马克思玻恩研究所	SWCNT	$ \text{Tm,Ho:KLu}{({{\text{WO}}_{4}})}_{2} $	91 mW	2.8 ps	2059 nm	[108]
2018	天水师范学院激光技术研究所	SWCNT	$ {\text{Tm,Ho:LiLuF}}_{4} $	154 mW	663 ps	1895 nm	[109]
2018	中国工程物理研究院	SWCNT	Tm:CNNGG	22 mW	84 fs	2018 nm	[110]
2018	江苏师范大学	SWCNT	Tm:CLNGG	54 mW	78 fs	2017 nm	[111]
2018	中国工程物理研究院	SWCNT	Tm,Ho:CNGG	67 mW	76 fs	2081 nm	[112]
2019	江苏师范大学	SWCNT	Tm,Ho:CLNGG	123 mW	98 fs	2083 nm	[113]
					67 fs	2083 nm	[113]
2020	中国科学院上海陶瓷研究所	SWCNT	$ \text{Tm:LuY}{\text{O}}_{3} $	210 mW	57 fs	2045 nm	[114]
2020	陕西科技大学	DWCNT	$ \text{Tm,Ho:CaYAl}{\text{O}}_{4} $	64 mW	799.2 ps	2085 nm	[115]
2021	福建物质结构研究所	SWCNT	Tm:CLTGG	28 mW	69 fs	2010 nm	[116]
2021	德国马克思玻恩研究所	SWCNT	Tm,Ho:LCLNGG	63 mW	63 fs	2073 nm	[117]
				121 mW	96 fs	2068 nm	[117]

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表 5 2 μm波段石墨烯锁模固体激光器输出性能比较

Table 5. Comparison of output performance of graphene mode-locked solid-state lasers in 2 μm band

年份	研究单位	锁模方式	激光晶体	平均功率	脉宽	中心波长	参考文献
2012	山东师范大学	氧化石墨烯	Tm:YAP	268 mW	＜10 ps	2023 nm	[120]
2012	上海交通大学	石墨烯	Tm:CLNGG	60 mW	729 fs	2018 nm	[121]
2012	圣安德鲁斯大学	石墨烯	$ \text{Tm:}{\text{Lu}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3} $	270 mW	410 fs	2067 nm	[122]
2015	上海交通大学	石墨烯-金膜	Tm:YAG	158 mW	2.8 ps	2016 nm	[123]
2016	山东师范大学	石墨烯	Tm:YAP	256 mW	＞100 ps	1989 nm	[124]
2017	马克思玻恩研究所	石墨烯	$ \text{Tm:MgW}{\text{O}}_{4} $	-	86 fs	2017 nm	[125]
2018	天水师范学院	氧化石墨烯	$ \text{Tm,Ho:LiLu}{\text{F}}_{4} $	-	924 ps	1890 nm	[126]
2019	宝鸡文理学院	氧化石墨烯	Tm:LuAG	1740 mW	-	2023 nm	[127]
2019	马克思玻恩研究所	石墨烯	Tm,Ho:CLNGG	69 mW	70 fs	2093 nm	[128]
2020	天水师范学院	氧化石墨烯	$ \text{Tm,Ho:CaYAl}{\text{O}}_{4} $	213 mW	524.8 ps	2089 nm	[129]
2020	诺曼底大学	石墨烯	Tm,Ho:YLF	40 mW	5.2 ps	2051 nm	[130]
2021	天水师范学院	氧化石墨烯	Tm,Ho:LLF	1052 mW	955 ps	1895 nm	[131]

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表 6 2 μm波段过渡金属硫族化合物锁模固体激光器输出性能

Table 6. Comparison of Output Performances of 2 μm TMD Mode-Locked Solid-State Lasers

年份	锁模方式	激光晶体	平均功率	脉宽	中心波长	参考文献
2015	$ \text{Mo}{\text{S}}_{2} $	Tm:CLNGG	60 mW	-	1977 nm	[48]
2015	$ \text{Mo}{\text{S}}_{2} $	Tm:LLF	-	-	-	[47]
2017	$ \text{W}{\text{S}}_{2} $	Tm,Ho:LLF	156 mW	300 μs	-	[50]
2020	$ \text{Mo}{\text{S}}_{2} $	Tm,Ho:CaYAlO4	216 mW	-	2089 nm	[133]
2020	$ \text{Mo}{\text{S}}_{2} $	Tm:CYA	1150 mW	-	1863、1877 nm	[134]
2020	$ \text{Mo}{\text{S}}_{2} $	Tm:YAG	200 mw	280 ps	2014 nm	[135]
2021	ReSe₂	Tm:YAG	320 mW	580.5 ps	2013 nm	[136]
2023	PtTe₂	Tm:YAP	540 mW	670.8 ps	1986 nm	[137]
2026	NbS₂	Tm:YAP	749 mW	872.2 ps	1935 nm	[52]

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表 7 2 μm波段其他可饱和吸收体锁模固体激光器输出性能比较

Table 7. Comparison of Output Performances of 2 μm Solid-State Lasers Mode-Locked with Other Saturable Absorbers

年份	锁模材料	激光晶体	平均功率	脉宽	中心波长	参考文献
2017	Cr:ZnS	Tm,Ho:LLF	145 mW	682 ps	2053 nm	[138]
2019	BN	Tm:YAP	880 mW	478.8 ps	1937 nm	[139]
2022	ZIF-8	Tm:YAP	912 mW	737 ps	1935 nm	[140]
2023	PZT	Tm:YAP	297 mW	820.7 ps	1936 nm	[141]
2023	$ \text{Zr}{\text{Te}}_{5} $	Tm:YAG	767 mW	4.8 ps	2014 nm	[142]
2023	$ {\text{Nb}}_{2}\text{AlC} $	Tm:YLF	379 mW	200 ps	1872 nm	[143]
2023	NiCo-LDH	Tm:YAG	278 mW	221 ps	2012 nm	[144]
2025	$ {\text{Mo}}_{2}\text{TiAl}{\text{C}}_{2} $	Tm:YAP	620 mW	989.5 ps	1937 nm	[145]
2026	BiOBr	Tm:YLF	590 mW	702 ps	1999 nm	[146]

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参考文献(146)

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