High-resolution mass sensing in a hybrid spinning optomechanical system enhanced by phonon pump
-
摘要:
为了实现对生物分子的高精度质量检测,本文提出一种基于混合旋转光力系统的高分辨率生物分子质量传感方案。该系统中,一个旋转的回音壁光力腔在声子泵浦驱动下,与另一个具有光学增益的回音壁腔发生耦合。首先,利用旋转回音壁光力腔的顺时针或逆时针旋转产生Sagnac效应,从而实现对腔场频率的非互易调控。其次,引入光学增益回音壁腔构建宇称时间对称或破缺系统,增强透射谱的振幅强度。同时,采用声子泵浦对机械呼吸模式进行相干驱动,进一步增强系统的光学响应。通过求解系统的量子朗之万方程并利用输入-输出关系,得到探测场的透射谱表达式。当生物分子(如杆状病毒或冠状病毒)沉积在回音壁光力腔表面时,通过监测透射谱中机械边带峰的共振频移,即可反演待测分子的质量。数值结果表明,Sagnac效应、光学增益腔和声子泵浦共同使透射谱振幅强度显著增强,进而提高质量传感的灵敏度。与基于单腔光力系统的传统光学质量传感方案相比,本方案的质量灵敏度提高约一个数量级,最小可检测质量达到p克量级(~1 pg)。该方案实现了超灵敏、高分辨率的生物分子质量检测,为芯片级超高分辨率传感器件提供了新的物理平台。
Abstract:In order to achieve high-precision mass detection of biomolecules, a high-resolution mass sensing scheme based on a hybrid spinning optomechanical system is proposed, in which a spinning whispering-gallery-mode optomechanical cavity driven by a phonon pump is coupled to another optical gain whispering-gallery-mode cavity. First, the Sagnac effect is generated by rotating the optomechanical cavity clockwise or counterclockwise, enabling nonreciprocal control of the cavity field frequency. Second, an optical gain cavity is introduced to construct a parity-time symmetric or broken system, enhancing the amplitude intensity of the transmission spectrum. Meanwhile, a phonon pump is employed to coherently drive the mechanical breathing mode, further strengthening the optical response of the system. By solving the quantum Langevin equations and applying the input-output formalism, the transmission spectrum of the probe field is obtained. When biomolecules (such as baculoviruses or coronaviruses) are deposited on the surface of the optomechanical cavity, the mass of the target molecules can be retrieved by monitoring the resonance frequency shift of the mechanical sideband peak in the transmission spectrum. Numerical results show that the Sagnac effect, optical gain cavity, and phonon pump collectively enhance the amplitude intensity of the transmission spectrum, thereby improving the sensitivity of mass sensing. Compared with conventional optical mass sensing schemes based on single-cavity optomechanical systems, the sensitivity of the proposed scheme is improved by approximately one order of magnitude, and the minimum detectable mass reaches the picogram level (~1 pg). This scheme achieves ultrasensitive, high-resolution biomolecule mass detection and provides a new physical platform for chip-scale ultrahigh-resolution sensing devices.
-
Key words:
- Spinning optomechanical cavity /
- Sagnac effects /
- optical gain /
- phonon pump /
- mass sensing
-
图 1 混合旋转腔光力系统示意图。可旋转的回音壁腔光力腔a中的声学模式被声子泵浦驱动与另个回音壁增益光学腔c耦合。纳米颗粒沉积在回音壁光力腔a的表面。
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the hybrid spinning whispering-gallery-mode cavity optomechanical system driven by a phonon pump, which includes an optomechanical cavity a spinning along the clockwise and counterclockwise direction, and an gain optical cavity c. Nanoparticles are landed on the optomechanical cavity a.
图 5 不同参数机制下的透射谱。参数如图中所示,其它参数:
$ {\kappa }_{a}/{\kappa }_{c}=1 $ ,$ J=0.5({\kappa }_{a}+{\kappa }_{c}) $ ,$ {F}_{m}=0.1\;\text{fN} $ ,$ {F}_{m}=0 $ ,$ {\varphi }_{m}={\text{π}} /6 $ 。Figure 5. The transmission spectrum under different parameters condition. The parameters are shown in the figures and the other parameters are
$ {\kappa }_{a}/{\kappa }_{c}=1 $ ,$ J=0.5({\kappa }_{a}+{\kappa }_{c}) $ ,$ {F}_{m}=0.1\;\text{fN} $ ,$ {F}_{m}=0 $ ,$ {\varphi }_{m}={\text{π}} /6 $ .图 6 (a)纳米颗粒沉积在回音壁腔光力系统上之前与之后的透射谱。(b)纳米颗粒的质量与频移的线性关系。
Figure 6. (a) The transmission spectra before and after depositing nanoparticles on the whispering-gallery-mode resonator, and the color curves give the frequency-shifts. (b) The linear relationship between the frequency-shifts and the nanoparticles mass.
-
[1] ZHU J G, OZDEMIR S K, XIAO Y F, et al. On-chip single nanoparticle detection and sizing by mode splitting in an ultrahigh-Q microresonator[J]. Nature Photonics, 2010, 4(1): 46-49. doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2009.237 [2] XIAO Y F, ZOU CH L, LI B B, et al. High-Q exterior whispering-gallery modes in a metal-coated microresonator[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2010, 105(15): 153902. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.153902 [3] ASPELMEYER M, KIPPENBERG T J, MARQUARDT F. Cavity optomechanics[J]. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2014, 86(4): 1391-1452. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.86.1391 [4] METCALFE M. Applications of cavity optomechanics[J]. Applied Physics Reviews, 2014, 1(3): 031105. doi: 10.1063/1.4896029 [5] SCHLIESSER A, RIVIÈRE R, ANETSBERGER G, et al. Resolved-sideband cooling of a micromechanical oscillator[J]. Nature Physics, 2008, 4(5): 415-419. doi: 10.1038/nphys939 [6] TEUFEL J D, DONNER T, LI D L, et al. Sideband cooling of micromechanical motion to the quantum ground state[J]. Nature, 2011, 475(7356): 359-363. doi: 10.1038/nature10261 [7] CHAN J, ALEGRE T P M, SAFAVI-NAEINI A H, et al. Laser cooling of a nanomechanical oscillator into its quantum ground state[J]. Nature, 2011, 478(7367): 89-92. doi: 10.1038/nature10461 [8] SCHLIESSER A, ARCIZET O, RIVIÈRE R, et al. Resolved-sideband cooling and position measurement of a micromechanical oscillator close to the Heisenberg uncertainty limit[J]. Nature Physics, 2009, 5(7): 509-514. doi: 10.1038/nphys1304 [9] GAVARTIN E, VERLOT P, KIPPENBERG T J. A hybrid on-chip optomechanical transducer for ultrasensitive force measurements[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2012, 7(8): 509-514. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2012.97 [10] KRAUSE A G, WINGER M, BLASIUS T D, et al. A high-resolution microchip optomechanical accelerometer[J]. Nature Photonics, 2012, 6(11): 768-772. doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2012.245 [11] SCHREPPLER S, SPETHMANN N, BRAHMS N, et al. Optically measuring force near the standard quantum limit[J]. Science, 2014, 344(6191): 1486-1489. doi: 10.1126/science.1249850 [12] MATSUMOTO N, CATAÑO-LOPEZ S B, SUGAWARA M, et al. Demonstration of displacement sensing of a mg-scale pendulum for mm-and mg-scale gravity measurements[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2019, 122(7): 071101. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.071101 [13] WANG Y D, CLERK A A. Using interference for high fidelity quantum state transfer in optomechanics[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2012, 108(15): 153603. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.153603 [14] TIAN L. Adiabatic state conversion and pulse transmission in optomechanical systems[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2012, 108(15): 153604. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.153604 [15] TIAN L. Robust photon entanglement via quantum interference in optomechanical interfaces[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2013, 110(23): 233602. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.233602 [16] WANG Y D, CLERK A A. Reservoir-engineered entanglement in optomechanical systems[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2013, 110(25): 253601. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.253601 [17] LI H Q, WANG ZH C, WANG L, et al. Optically pumped Milliwatt Whispering-Gallery microcavity laser[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2023, 12(1): 223. [18] JING H, ÖZDEMIR S K, LÜ X Y, et al. PT-symmetric phonon laser[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2014, 113(5): 053604. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.053604 [19] LÜ H, ÖZDEMIR S K, KUANG L M, et al. Exceptional points in random-defect phonon lasers[J]. Physical Review Applied, 2017, 8(4): 044020. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.8.044020 [20] ZHANG J, PENG B, ÖZDEMIR Ş K, et al. A phonon laser operating at an exceptional point[J]. Nature Photonics, 2018, 12(8): 479-484. doi: 10.1038/s41566-018-0213-5 [21] SAFAVI-NAEINI A H, GRÖBLACHER S, HILL J T, et al. Squeezed light from a silicon micromechanical resonator[J]. Nature, 2013, 500(7461): 185-189. doi: 10.1038/nature12307 [22] MANIPATRUNI S, ROBINSON J T, LIPSON M. Optical nonreciprocity in optomechanical structures[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2009, 102(21): 213903. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.213903 [23] XU X W, LI Y, CHEN A X, et al. Nonreciprocal conversion between microwave and optical photons in electro-optomechanical systems[J]. Physical Review A, 2016, 93(2): 023827. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.93.023827 [24] LU X Y, JING H, MA J Y, et al. PT-symmetry-breaking chaos in optomechanics[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2015, 114(25): 253601. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.253601 [25] XU H, MASON D, JIANG L Y, et al. Topological energy transfer in an optomechanical system with exceptional points[J]. Nature, 2016, 537(7618): 80-83. doi: 10.1038/nature18604 [26] AGARWAL G S, HUANG S M. Electromagnetically induced transparency in mechanical effects of light[J]. Physical Review A, 2010, 81(4): 041803. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.041803 [27] WEIS S, RIVIÈRE R, DELÉGLISE S, et al. Optomechanically induced transparency[J]. Science, 2010, 330(6010): 1520-1523. doi: 10.1126/science.1195596 [28] TEUFEL J D, LI D L, ALLMAN M S, et al. Circuit cavity electromechanics in the strong-coupling regime[J]. Nature, 2011, 471(7337): 204-208. doi: 10.1038/nature09898 [29] SAFAVI-NAEINI A H, ALEGRE T P M, CHAN J, et al. Electromagnetically induced transparency and slow light with optomechanics[J]. Nature, 2011, 472(7341): 69-73. doi: 10.1038/nature09933 [30] ZHOU X, HOCKE F, SCHLIESSER A, et al. Slowing, advancing and switching of microwave signals using circuit nanoelectromechanics[J]. Nature Physics, 2013, 9(3): 179-184. doi: 10.1038/nphys2527 [31] RIVIÈRE R, DELÉGLISE S, WEIS S, et al. Optomechanical sideband cooling of a micromechanical oscillator close to the quantum ground state[J]. Physical Review A, 2011, 83(6): 063835. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.83.063835 [32] LIU F F, ALAIE S, LESEMAN Z C, et al. Sub-pg mass sensing and measurement with an optomechanical oscillator[J]. Optics Express, 2013, 21(17): 19555-19567. doi: 10.1364/OE.21.019555 [33] LI B B, OU L F, LEI Y C, et al. Cavity optomechanical sensing[J]. Nanophotonics, 2021, 10(11): 2799-2832. doi: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0256 [34] CHEN H J, GUO J H, ZHU K D. On-chip photonic transistor device and biomolecule mass sensor based on a whispering gallery mode cavity optomechanical system[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2015, 15(6): 3375-3380. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2015.2388499 [35] JIANG X F, QAVI A J, HUANG S H, et al. Whispering-gallery sensors[J]. Matter, 2020, 3(2): 371-392. doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.07.008 [36] CHEN H J. High-resolution biomolecules mass sensing based on a spinning optomechanical system with phonon pump[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2021, 14(8): 082005. doi: 10.35848/1882-0786/ac1232 [37] LÜ H, JIANG Y J, WANG Y ZH, et al. Optomechanically induced transparency in a spinning resonator[J]. Photonics Research, 2017, 5(4): 367-371. doi: 10.1364/PRJ.5.000367 [38] MAAYANI S, DAHAN R, KLIGERMAN Y, et al. Flying couplers above spinning resonators generate irreversible refraction[J]. Nature, 2018, 558(7711): 569-572. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0245-5 [39] JIANG Y, MAAYANI S, CARMON T, et al. Nonreciprocal phonon laser[J]. Physical Review Applied, 2018, 10(6): 064037. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.10.064037 [40] XU Y, LIU J Y, LIU W J, et al. Nonreciprocal phonon laser in a spinning microwave magnomechanical system[J]. Physical Review A, 2021, 103(5): 053501. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.103.053501 [41] LI W A, HUANG G Y, CHEN J P, et al. Nonreciprocal enhancement of optomechanical second-order sidebands in a spinning resonator[J]. Physical Review A, 2020, 102(3): 033526. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.102.033526 [42] XU X W, ZHAO Y J, WANG H, et al. Quantum nonreciprocality in quadratic optomechanics[J]. Photonics Research, 2020, 8(2): 143-150. doi: 10.1364/PRJ.8.000143 [43] HUANG R, MIRANOWICZ A, LIAO J Q, et al. Nonreciprocal photon blockade[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2018, 121(15): 153601. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.153601 [44] LI B J, HUANG R, XU X W, et al. Nonreciprocal unconventional photon blockade in a spinning optomechanical system[J]. Photonics Research, 2019, 7(6): 630-641. doi: 10.1364/PRJ.7.000630 [45] WANG K, WU Q, YU Y F, et al. Nonreciprocal photon blockade in a two-mode cavity with a second-order nonlinearity[J]. Physical Review A, 2019, 100(5): 053832. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.100.053832 [46] JIAO Y F, ZHANG SH D, ZHANG Y L, et al. Nonreciprocal optomechanical entanglement against backscattering losses[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2020, 125(14): 143605. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.143605 [47] JING H, LÜ H, ÖZDEMIR S K, et al. Nanoparticle sensing with a spinning resonator[J]. Optica, 2018, 5(11): 1424-1430. doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.5.001424 [48] ZHI Y Y, YU X CH, GONG Q H, et al. Single nanoparticle detection using optical microcavities[J]. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(12): 1604920. doi: 10.1002/adma.201604920 [49] ARMANI A M, KULKARNI R P, FRASER S E, et al. Label-free, single-molecule detection with optical microcavities[J]. Science, 2007, 317(5839): 783-787. doi: 10.1126/science.1145002 [50] VOLLMER F, ARNOLD S. Whispering-gallery-mode biosensing: label-free detection down to single molecules[J]. Nature Methods, 2008, 5(7): 591-596. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1221 [51] SHEN B Q, YU X CH, ZHI Y Y, et al. Detection of single nanoparticles using the dissipative interaction in a high-Q microcavity[J]. Physical Review Applied, 2016, 5(2): 024011. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.5.024011 [52] VOLLMER F, YANG L. Review Label-free detection with high-Q microcavities: a review of biosensing mechanisms for integrated devices[J]. Nanophotonics, 2012, 1(3-4): 267-291. doi: 10.1515/nanoph-2012-0021 [53] HE L N, ÖZDEMIR Ş K, ZHU J G, et al. Detecting single viruses and nanoparticles using whispering gallery microlasers[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2011, 6(7): 428-432. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2011.99 [54] SHAO L B, JIANG X F, YU X CH, et al. Detection of single nanoparticles and lentiviruses using microcavity resonance broadening[J]. Advanced Materials, 2013, 25(39): 5616-5620. doi: 10.1002/adma201302572 [55] LI J J, ZHU K D. All-optical mass sensing with coupled mechanical resonator systems[J]. Physics Reports, 2013, 525(3): 223-254. doi: 10.1016/j.physrep.2012.11.003 [56] JIANG CH, CUI Y SH, ZHU K D. Ultrasensitive nanomechanical mass sensor using hybrid opto-electromechanical systems[J]. Optics Express, 2014, 22(11): 13773-13783. doi: 10.1364/OE.22.013773 [57] HE Y. Sensitivity of optical mass sensor enhanced by optomechanical coupling[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2015, 106(12): 121905. doi: 10.1063/1.4916553 [58] EKINCI K L, YANG Y T, ROUKES M L. Ultimate limits to inertial mass sensing based upon nanoelectromechanical systems[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2004, 95(5): 2682-2689. doi: 10.1063/1.1642738 [59] BOCHMANN J, VAINSENCHER A, AWSCHALOM D D, et al. Nanomechanical coupling between microwave and optical photons[J]. Nature Physics, 2013, 9(11): 712-716. doi: 10.1038/nphys2748 [60] FAN L R, FONG K Y, POOT M, et al. Cascaded optical transparency in multimode-cavity optomechanical systems[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6(1): 5850. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6850 [61] SOHN D B, KIM S, BAHL G. Time-reversal symmetry breaking with acoustic pumping of nanophotonic circuits[J]. Nature Photonics, 2018, 12(2): 91-97. doi: 10.1038/s41566-017-0075-2 [62] GUO H, KARPOV M, LUCAS E, et al. Universal dynamics and deterministic switching of dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators[J]. Nature Physics, 2017, 13(1): 94-102. doi: 10.1038/nphys3893 [63] PENG B, ÖZDEMIR Ş K, LEI F CH, et al. Parity–time-symmetric whispering-gallery microcavities[J]. Nature Physics, 2014, 10(5): 394-398. doi: 10.1038/nphys2927 -
下载:

















