Research on a domestic 3D visualization diffractive waveguide simulation module based on ray- field tracing
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摘要:
衍射光波导因其轻薄的外形、大视场角和大的眼动范围，成为实现增强现实（Augmented reality, AR）近眼显示技术最有前景的方案之一。目前商业化AR光波导仿真软件大多由国外公司开发，未见到有国产3D可视化的光波导仿真设计软件报道。据我们所知，本文工作为国内首款自主研发的基于光线场追迹的3D可视化光波导设计仿真模块。并应用该仿真模块设计了一款二维出瞳扩展的衍射光波导，展示了从光栅的
k Abstract:Diffractive waveguide, known for their lightweight, wide field of view, and large eyebox, have emerged as one of the most promising solutions for augmented reality (AR) near-eye display technologies. However, most commercially available AR waveguide simulation software is developed by foreign companies, and domestic advancements in 3D visualization software for optical waveguide design and simulation remain notably absent. To our knowledge, this work introduces the first domestically developed 3D visualization module for optical waveguide design and simulation based on ray-field tracing. Using this module, we engineered a two-dimensional exit-pupil-expansion diffractive waveguide, demonstrating a systematic design workflow. The workflow integrates
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图 1 二维出瞳扩展衍射光波导中的光线传播示意图
Figure 1. Schematic of ray propagation in 2D exit pupil expansion diffractive waveguide.
图 2 （a）二维出瞳扩展衍射光波导对应的归一化k矢量图，（b）衍射光波导中的三组光栅不匹配
Figure 2. (a) Corresponding normalized k-vector diagram of the 2D exit pupil expansion diffractive waveguide, (b) Mismatch among three sets of gratings in the diffractive optical waveguide.
图 3 (a)单一测试视场与转折区域和输出耦合区域的有效作用位置，(b)多个有效作用区域的集合划定转折区域和输出耦合区域
Figure 3. (a) Effective region positions of the single test light with the redirection coupling region and output coupling region, (b) Aggregation of multiple effective interaction regions delimiting the redirection coupling region and output coupling Region
图 4 衍射光波导的分区示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the partitioning of diffractive waveguide
图 5 衍射光波导设计优化流程图
Figure 5. Flowchart of the design and optimization process for the diffractive waveguide
图 6 可视化3D衍射光波导模组示意图
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the 3D visualization diffractive waveguide module
图 7 （a）投影光机系统布局，（b）投影光学系统的MTF
Figure 7. (a) Optical layout of the projection optics, (b) MTF of the projection optics
图 8 9个视场角在出瞳处的辐照度分布
Figure 8. Luminance Distribution at the exit pupil for Nine Angles
图 9 (a)在eyebox平面选取不同的出瞳区域，(b)选择不同的测试视场角
Figure 9. (a) Selection of different exit pupil regions on the eyebox plane, (b) Selection of different test angles
图 12 特定的偏振光入射时可以查看在眼动范围平面处的光的偏振态
Figure 12. The polarization state of light can be observed at the eyebox when a specific polarized light is incident.
图 13 Rsoft和自主开发的光栅计算模块效率对比
Figure 13. Rsoft and self-developed diffraction calculation module diffraction efficiency comparison
图 14 自主光波导模块与LightTools的光线路径对比
Figure 14. Comparison of Ray paths between the autonomous optical waveguide module and LightTools
表 1 输入光的k矢量和角度信息
Table 1. k-vector and angle information of the incident light
θH(°) θV(°) kinx/|kin| kiny/|kin| θin(°) φin(°) 输入光 −8 −6 − 0.1375 0.1032 9.9 143.1 −8 0 − 0.1383 0 7.95 180 −8 6 − 0.1375 − 0.1032 9.9 216.9 0 −6 0 0.1042 5.98 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 − 0.1042 5.98 270 8 −6 0.1375 0.1032 9.9 36.9 8 0 0.1383 0 7.95 0 8 6 0.1375 − 0.1032 9.9 323.1 
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表 2 输入耦合器偏转后光线的k矢量和角度信息
Table 2. k-vector and angular information of the light deflected by the input grating coupler
kg1x/|kg1| kg1y/|kg1| θg1(°) φg1(°) 输入耦合光栅
θG=90°
φG=300°0.502 − 1.0045 41.34 296.55 0.5013 − 1.1077 45.66 294.35 0.502 − 1.2109 50.45 292.52 0.6395 − 1.0036 44.43 302.51 0.6395 − 1.1077 48.8 300 0.6395 − 1.2119 53.71 297.82 0.7771 − 1.0045 48.34 307.72 0.7778 − 1.1077 52.77 305.08 0.7771 − 1.2109 57.82 302.69
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表 3 转折光线偏转后光线的k矢量和角度信息
Table 3. k-vector and angular information of the light deflected by the redirection grating coupler
kg2x/|kg2| kg2y/|kg2| θg2(°) φg2(°) 转折光栅
θG=90°
φG=65°1.1221 0.3253 43.41 16.17 1.1214 0.2221 42.26 11.2 1.1221 0.1189 41.59 6.05 1.2596 0.3263 49.94 14.52 1.2596 0.2221 48.8 10 1.2596 0.118 48.09 5.35 1.3972 0.3253 57.55 13.11 1.3979 0.2221 56.37 9.03 1.3972 0.1189 55.57 4.87
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表 4 输出耦合器偏转后光线的k矢量和角度信息
Table 4. k-vector and angular information of the light deflected by the output grating coupler
koutx/|kout| kouty/|kout| θout(°) φout(°) 输出耦合光栅
θG=90°
φG=180°− 0.1375 0.1032 9.9 143.13 − 0.1383 0 7.95 180 − 0.1375 − 0.1032 9.9 216.87 0 0.1042 5.98 90 0 0 0 0 0 − 0.1042 5.98 270 0.1375 0.1032 9.9 36.87 0.1383 0 7.95 0 0.1375 − 0.1032 9.9 323.13
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表 5 输出耦合区域的边界坐标点
Table 5. Boundary coordinate points of the output coupling region
x(mm) y(mm) 输出耦合区域 18.79 11.10 18.79 −3.10 1.21 −3.10 1.21 11.10
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表 6 转折区域的边界坐标点
Table 6. Boundary coordinate points of the redirection coupling region
x(mm) y(mm) 转折区域 −17.876 8.479813 − 13.3992 − 2.31754 − 10.7563 − 6.85092 − 7.83561 − 10.8154 − 3.93101 − 9.68321 0.108358 − 6.14503 − 8.27717 4.69675 −12.983 9.885263 − 17.4894 9.501308 − 17.6559 9.067004
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表 7 衍射光波导中三个耦合光栅及其子区域的光栅参数
Table 7. Grating parameters of the three Gratings and their subregions in the diffractive waveguide
波导区域 光栅类型 高度(um) a(°) b(°) 输入耦合光栅 闪耀光栅 0.15 34.902 34.902 转折光栅—子区域1 0.08 90 12.05 转折光栅—子区域2 0.08 90 12.05 转折光栅—子区域3 0.07 90 10.58 转折光栅—子区域4 0.11 90 16.36 输出耦合光栅—子区域1 0.08 34.82 14.25 输出耦合光栅—子区域2 0.1 41.009 17.613 输出耦合光栅—子区域3 0.12 46.219 20.85 输出耦合光栅—子区域4 0.11 43.73 19.25
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表 8 各区域亮度值及均匀度分布
Table 8. Luminance value and uniformity distribution of each region
视场角(°) 能量 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 出瞳均匀性（%） (−8, −6) 5.7E-06 4.2E-06 2.5E-06 9.2E-06 9.0E-06 5.6E-06 6.1E-06 4.7E-06 2.9E-06 43.36 (−8, 0) 4.3E-06 3.9E-06 2.4E-06 9.7E-06 8.9E-06 5.1E-06 7.8E-06 6.7E-06 3.9E-06 40.04 (−8, 6) 4.6E-06 4.0E-06 2.7E-06 9.1E-06 8.5E-06 5.2E-06 8.3E-06 6.1E-06 4.0E-06 45.61 (0, −6) 8.8E-06 4.9E-06 3.0E-06 1.2E-05 1.1E-05 6.6E-06 7.2E-06 5.1E-06 3.2E-06 40.83 (0, 0) 7.5E-06 4.6E-06 3.0E-06 1.1E-05 1.1E-05 6.3E-06 9.0E-06 7.2E-06 4.4E-06 42.27 (0, 6) 6.8E-06 5.0E-06 3.5E-06 1.0E-05 1.0E-05 6.6E-06 8.7E-06 6.9E-06 4.1E-06 50.11 (8, −6) 1.1E-05 5.9E-06 3.9E-06 1.6E-05 1.3E-05 7.9E-06 8.8E-06 6.2E-06 3.8E-06 39.06 (8, 0) 9.4E-06 5.5E-06 3.8E-06 1.5E-05 1.2E-05 7.7E-06 1.1E-05 7.7E-06 4.6E-06 40.87 (8, 6) 9.8E-06 5.9E-06 4.1E-06 1.3E-05 1.3E-05 8.4E-06 1.0E-05 7.5E-06 4.5E-06 47.41 视场均匀性（%） 57.54 79.15 74.94 73.04 79.08 75.18 70.36 76.03 78.12
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