空间激光通信组网技术与应用研究进展

刘智; 蒋青芳; 刘树通; 田少乾; 刘显著; 于佳鑫; 赵建彤; 姚海峰; 董科研

doi:10.37188/CO.2023-0140

空间激光通信组网技术与应用研究进展

doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0140

刘智^{1, 3,},
蒋青芳^2,,
刘树通²,
田少乾²,
刘显著^{1, 3},
于佳鑫²,
赵建彤²,
姚海峰⁴,
董科研^{1, 5}

1.
长春理工大学光电工程学院, 吉林长春 130012
2.
长春理工大学电子信息工程学院, 吉林长春 130012
3.
长春理工大学空间光电技术国家地方联合工程研究中心, 吉林长春 130012
4.
北京理工大学光电学院, 北京 100081
5.
长春理工大学空间光电技术吉林省重点实验室, 吉林长春 130012

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金叶企孙科学基金（No. U2141231）；国家自然科学基金委青年基金（No. 62105042）

详细信息

作者简介:
刘　智（1971—），男，吉林长春人，教授，长春理工大学国家与地方空间光电技术联合工程研究中心主任，主要研究方向为空间激光通信技术组网应用和激光传输特性方面的研究。E-mail：liuzhi@cust.edu.cn

蒋青芳（1997—），女，内蒙古呼伦贝人，硕士，长春理工大学电子信息工程学院研究生，主要研究方向为空间激光通信中的极化码编译码技术。E-mail：1145434245@qq.com

中图分类号: TN929
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-08-18
- 修回日期: 2023-11-26
- 网络出版日期: 2024-02-05

Research progress of space laser communication networking technology

1.
Electronic Information Engineering School, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130000, China
2.
National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Space Optoelectronic Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130000, China
3.
Changchun University of Technology Space Optoelectronic Technology National Local Joint Engineering Research Center, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
4.
School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
5.
Key Laboratory of Space Optoelectronics Technology, Changchun University of Technology, Jilin Province, Changchun 130012, China

Funds: Supported by Ye Qisun Science Foundation of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U2141231); Youth Foundation of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62105042)

摘要

摘要:
激光通信是以光波为载体实现信息传输的通信技术，具有高速率、高带宽、小尺寸、抗干扰和保密性好等优势，具备实现空间信息网络高速传输和安全运行的关键能力。本世纪以来，国内外主要研究机构致力于研究激光通信技术在实现组网过程中所需要解决的一系列问题，包括一点对多点同时激光通信、节点内多路信号全光交换与转发、节点动态随遇接入、网络动态拓扑结构设计等关键技术，并开展了众多演示验证实验，部分研究成果已经投入应用。本文在对空间激光通信组网技术进行分析探讨的基础上，概述了国内外的激光通信组网技术的发展现状，重点对卫星星座、卫星中继和航空网络等领域中激光通信组网技术的应用情况和发展现状进行了分析和总结，对国内相关研究技术方案、实验验证情况等进行了综述，最后对激光通信组网技术与应用的发展趋势进行了预测。
- 空间激光通信 /
- 激光通信组网 /
- 空间光网络 /
- 一点对多点
Abstract:
Laser communication utilizes light waves as the transmission medium. It offers many advantages, including high data rates, expansive bandwidth, compactness, robust interference resistance, and superior confidentiality. It has the critical capability to enable high-speed transmission and secure operation of space information networks. Prominent research institutions have committed to studying a series of challenges that need to be solved in the process of networking laser communication technology, including point-to-multipoint simultaneous laser communication, all-optical switching and forwarding of multi-channel signals within nodes, node dynamic random access, and network topology design. Numerous demonstration and verification experiments have been conducted, with a subset of these research results finding practical applications. Based on the analysis and discussion of space laser communication networking technology, this paper summarizes the development of laser communication networking technology both domestically and internationally, focusing on the application of laser communication networking technology in the fields of satellite constellations, satellite relays, and aviation networks; furthermore, it presents a review of pertinent domestic research methodologies, experimental validations, and technical solutions; finally, it predicts the development trend of laser communication networking technology and applications.
- space laser communication /
- laser communication networking /
- space optical network /
- one-point to multi-point

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图 1 激光通信技术在空间信息网络中应用形式示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the application of laser communication technology in a spatial information network

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图 2 对应OSI七层模型通信子网的空间信息网络架构

Figure 2. Laser communication technology corresponding to the OSI seven-layer model communication subnet

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图 3 一点对多点激光通信技术方案研究

Figure 3. Research on point-to-multipoint laser communication technology solutions

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图 4 一点对多点激光通信终端结构方案

Figure 4. Point-to-multipoint laser communication terminal structure solution

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图 5 “一点对多点”激光通信系统原理图

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of point-to-multipoint laser communication system

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图 6 一对多同时激光通信系统样机图

Figure 6. Prototype photo of point-to-multipoint simultaneous laser communication system

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图 7 （a）“一对二”同时激光通信外场试验系统组成图、（b）“一对二”同时激光通信外场试验节点布置图、（c）“一对二”激光通信试验现场图

Figure 7. (a) One-to-two-point simultaneous laser communication field test system composition diagram, 60 (b) one-to-two-point simultaneous laser communication field test node layout, and (c) one-to-two-point laser communication test site map.

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图 8 西安光机所的光交换技术发展进程

Figure 8. The development process of optical switching technology at the Xi'an Institute of Optics and Mechanics

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图 9 节点内全光交换技术研究进展（a）WC-OCS和格式转换的三节点FSO网络的实验设置^[29]、（b）单泵浦FWM实验设置图^[30]、（c）基于WOCS的光交换原理^[31]

Figure 9. Research progress on nodal all-optical switching technology (a) Experimental setup of the 3-node FSO network with the simultaneous WC-OCS and format conversion^[29], (b) experimental setup diagram of single-pump FWM^[30], and (c) optical switching principle based on WOCS^[31].

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图 10 激光通信在卫星网络中应用项目情况统计图

Figure 10. specific parameters of the relevant project

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图 11 TSAT计划和Space-BACN计划示意图

Figure 11. Schematic diagram of TSAT and Space-BACN plan

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图 12 星链（Starlink）计划示意图^[58-61]

Figure 12. Schematic diagram of the Starlink plan^[58-61]

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图 13 激光卫星中继通信示意图

Figure 13. Schematic diagram of laser satellite relay communication

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图 14 集成的LCRD和低轨卫星通信终端(ILLUMA-T)示意图^[71-72]

Figure 14. Schematic diagram of the integrated LCRD and low-orbit satellite communication terminal (ILLUMA-T)^[71-72].

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图 15 ORCLE激光通信终端链路示意图^[83]

Figure 15. Schematic diagram of ORCLE laser communication terminal links^[83].

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表 1 一点对多点激光通信方案的性能参数对比

Table 1. Comparison of performance parameters of point-to-multipoint laser communication schemes.

参数	HAWK终端	球形转台	硅基光学相控阵	液晶光学相控阵		特殊光机结构（旋转抛物面）
参数	HAWK终端	球形转台	硅基光学相控阵	目前水平	规划参数	特殊光机结构（旋转抛物面）
工作模式	一对一×4	一对一×4	一对多	一对多	一对多	一对四
数据传输速率	7 Gbps	2.5 Gbps	70 Gbps	25 Gbps	100+ Gbps	10 Gbps
通信光束发散角	80 μrad	100 μrad	68 μrad	-	-	50 μrad
偏转最大角度	方位角：0−360°	±5°（内框）	50°（单孔径）	±25°（单孔径）	±45°（单孔径）	方位角360°，俯仰角15°
平均切换时间	-	<30 s	200 ms	<10 ms	<5 ms	<30 s
传输距离	50 km	100 km	54 m			1000 km
系统功耗	110 w	1000 w	-	80 Wmax	<30 W	<150 W
系统体积	279 mm×256 mm×546 mm	Φ250 mm	-	175 mm×125 mm×50 mm	-	Φ300 mm*750 mm
系统质量	13 kg	25 kg	-	1 kg		45 kg
跟踪精度	-	20-30 μrad	-	20 μrad		3 μrad
通光孔径	31 mm	150 mm	3 mm	25 mm		等效收发口径≥85 mm
功耗	2.9 w	5 w	72.53 μW	<3 W
转向机构	无	二轴四框架	无	无	无	二维摆镜

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表 2 一对多同时激光通信光端机参数对照表

Table 2. Point-to-multipoint simultaneous laser communication optical terminal parameter comparison table

参数	“一对二”原理验证装置	“一对三”原理样机	“一对三”工程样机	“一对四”原理样机	“一对三”测通传一体化原理样机
通信光波长	1550 nm/1064 nm	1550 nm/1530 nm、 1561 nm/1605 nm；	1530 nm 1605 nm/1571 nm/1550 nm	1550 nm/1530 nm	1550 nm
通信速率	1−2.5 Gbps	2.5 Gbps	2.5 Gbps	1 Gbps−10 Gbps	10 Gbps
通信距离（等效）	50 km	100～1000 km	100～1000 km	1000 km	1000 km
通信光束散角	100 µrad	300 μrad（主） 40 μrad（从）	200 μrad（主） 40 μrad（从）	80 μrad（主） 80 μrad（从）	50 μrad（主、从）
信标光束散角	-	1 mrad（主、从）	2 mrad（主、从）	2 mμad（主、从）	300 μrad（主、从）
通信范围	360°（方位） 38°（俯仰）	360°（方位） 30°（俯仰）	360°（方位） 30°（俯仰）	360°（方位） 30°（俯仰）	360°（方位） 30°（俯仰）
通信光发射功率	1 W	5 W（主） 2 W（从）	5 W（主） 2 W（从）	5 W（主） 2 W（从）	4 W（主、从）
状态	完成实验室原理验证	完成实验室原理验证	完成野外演示验证	完成实验室原理验证	正在进行实验室原理验证

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表 3 卫星星座激光通信组网典型案例

Table 3. Typical cases of laser communication networking in satellite constellations.

系统	HALO	AlphaSAT	Starlink	Transport Layer	Space-BACN
搭载平台	LEO-GEO	LEO-GEO	LEO	LEO	GEO-LEO
年份	2012	2012	2017	2019	2021
国家	美国	欧洲	美国	美国	美国
通信速率	4200 Gbps	100 Mbps	1 Gbps	200 Gbps	100 Gbps
链路距离	-	36000 km	1204 km	3000−7000 km	10000 km

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表 4 卫星中继激光通信组网典型案例

Table 4. Typical cases of satellite relay laser communication networking

系统	EDRS	HICALI	LCRD	LOCNESS	JDRS
搭载平台	Sentinel1-Alpha	GEO-LEO	GEO-Ground	GEO-Ground	GEO-LEO
年份	2014	2021	2019	2019	2020
国家	欧洲	日本	美国	美国	日本
通信速率	1.8 Gbps	10 Gbps	2.88 Gbps/622 Mbps	10/100 Gbps	1.8 Gbps
工作波长	1064 nm	1541.35 nm	1550 nm	-	1540 nm/1560 nm
链路距离	45000 km	45000 km	38000 km	73395 km	45000 km
通信光功率	2.2 W	2.5 W	0.5 W	-	-
光学口径	135 mm	150 mm	108 mm	220 mm	150 mm
调制/解调方式	BPSK/零差相干探测	DPSK	DPSK/16PPM	-	RZ-DPSK-DD/IM-DD/直接探测
质量	50 kg	50 kg	69 kg	-	50 kg左右
功耗	160 W	160 W	130 W	-	-

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表 5 航空平台激光通信组网典型案例

Table 5. Typical cases of laser communication networking on aviation platforms

系统	ORCLE	ORCA	Falcon	FOENEX	Loon	Aquila	Ultra Air
搭载平台	Aircraft	Aircraft	Aircraft	Aircraft	H-A-P(stratospheric)	Aircraft	Aircraft
年份	2008	2008	2011	2012	2015	2016	2021
国家	美国	美国	美国	美国	美国	美国	美国
通信速率	155 Mpbs	2.5 Gbit/s	2.5 Gbit/s	6 Gbps	130 Mpbs	1 Gbps	10 Gbps
链路距离	25 km	18 km	132 km	230 km	100 km	17 km	4500 km
通信光功率	0.5 w	0.2 w	10 w	0.5 w	0.1 w	1 w	42 dbm
光学口径	5.08 cm	2.54 cm	3.05 cm	10.75 cm	-	-	-
调制/解调方式	OOK	OOK	OOK	FM/IM	OOK	QPSK	-

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