色散扫描技术在超短脉冲表征中的研究进展

赵变丽; 谢赟; 卓宇涵; 王锦红; 谭欣; 李逵; 刘琦; 张晓世

doi:10.37188/CO.2026-0017

色散扫描技术在超短脉冲表征中的研究进展

doi: 10.37188/CO.2026-0017

cstr: 32171.14.CO.2026-0017

赵变丽^{1, 4,},
谢赟⁵,
卓宇涵²,
王锦红²,
谭欣^{1, 4},
李逵^{1, 3},
刘琦^{1, 3, ,},
张晓世^{2, 4, ,}

1.
云南大学材料与能源学院, 云南昆明 650500
2.
云南大学物理与天文学院, 云南昆明 650500
3.
云南大学现代工学院, 云南昆明 650500
4.
西南联合研究生院, 云南昆明 650092
5.
复旦大学智能机器人与先进制造创新学院, 上海 200433

基金项目: 云南省高校服务重点产业科技专项项目（No. K264201240002）

详细信息

作者简介:
赵变丽（1997—），女，宁夏固原人，2020年于宁夏师范大学获得学士学位，2023年于云南大学物理与天文学院获得硕士学位，现云南大学博士研究生在读，主要从事超短脉冲表征及飞秒激光放大器方面的研究。E-mail：zhaobianli@itc.ynu.edu.cn

张晓世（1975—），男，云南昆明人，博士，教授，云南大学东陆特聘教授。1998年于中国科学技术大学获得学士学位，2001年于中国科学技术大学获得硕士学位，2007年于美国科罗拉多大学博尔德分校，美国国家标准局，JILA研究院获得博士学位。长期从事飞秒激光，极紫外激光，极端非线性光学以及相干衍射和量子成像等领域的研究及其工程化和商业化应用。E-mail：zhangxiaoshi@itc.ynu.edu.cn

中图分类号: 0437
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出版历程
- 网络出版日期: 2026-05-09

Research progress of dispersion scan techniques in ultrashort pulse characterization

ZHAO Bian-li^{1, 4
,},
XIE Yun⁵,
ZHUO Yu-han²,
WANG Jin-hong²,
TAN Xin^{1, 4},
LI Kui^{1, 3},
LIU Qi^{1, 3
, ,},
ZHANG Xiao-shi^{2, 4
, ,}

1.
Department of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
2.
Department of Physics, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
3.
School of Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
4.
Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650092, China
5.
College of Intelligent Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, .China

Funds: Supported by Special Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Provincial Universities Serving Key Industries (No. K264201240002)

More Information

Corresponding author: qliu15@ynu.edu.cn; zhangxiaoshi@itc.ynu.edu.cn

摘要

摘要:
色散扫描（Dispersion scan, D-scan）是一种基于色散调制与非线性频谱响应的超短激光脉冲表征技术，凭借其极简的光路设计和对宽带频谱及相位演化特征的高灵敏响应，已发展成为超短激光脉冲表征领域的重要工具。本文以D-scan技术持续适应激光脉冲表征实时性、鲁棒性等需求，以及向单周期、深紫外等极端参数拓展为核心主线，系统综述了D-scan技术在优化反演算法及实验方案拓展等方面的关键进展。首先，本文梳理了D-scan反演算法的发展过程，从早期的Nelder–Mead与差分进化算法，到目前作为标准的通用脉冲反演算法，再到实现毫秒级实时重构的深度学习技术。重点分析了各类算法在计算速度、鲁棒性及抗噪性能方面的提升。在实验技术方面，首先回顾了基于二阶非线性的二次谐波D-scan技术，详细讨论了其从传统扫描式方案向实时单发测量的技术跨越，同时介绍了基于二次谐波产生的D-scan在矢量光场表征中的最新进展。随后，针对二阶非线性在跨倍频程光谱重叠及深紫外波段相位匹配方面的物理限制，本文进一步探讨了基于三阶非线性效应及其衍生的D-scan技术，系统阐明了这些方法在拓展D-scan应用边界、实现单周期极限与深紫外波段表征方面的关键作用。最后，本文总结了当前D-scan技术在外部元件依赖性、长波长拓展及长脉宽测量方面面临的挑战，并对其在强场物理及阿秒科学中的未来发展方向进行了展望。
- 色散扫描 /
- 超短脉冲表征 /
- 相位反演 /
- 非线性光学
Abstract:
Dispersion scan (D-scan) is an ultrashort laser pulse characterization technique based on dispersion modulation and nonlinear spectral response, and, owing to its extremely simple optical configuration and high sensitivity to broadband spectra and phase evolution, it has developed into an important tool in the field of ultrashort pulse characterization. Focusing on the ability of D-scan to meet the demands of real-time operation and robustness, as well as its extension toward extreme parameters such as single-cycle pulses and the deep-ultraviolet region, this paper systematically reviews the key progress of D-scan technology in terms of retrieval algorithm optimization and experimental scheme expansion. First, the evolution of D-scan retrieval algorithms is summarized. This progression traces the shift from early Nelder–Mead and differential evolution algorithms to the current standard generalized pulse retrieval algorithm, and ultimately to deep-learning-based techniques that enable millisecond-level, real-time reconstruction. Particular emphasis is placed on the improvements in computational speed, algorithmic robustness, and noise immunity achieved across these diverse approaches. Regarding experimental techniques, the paper examines second-harmonic-generation (SHG) D-scans based on second-order nonlinearities. It details the technological transition from conventional scanning methods to real-time, single-shot measurements, and highlights recent progress in applying SHG D-scans to vectorial optical field characterization. Subsequently, to circumvent the physical limitations of second-order nonlinearities—specifically concerning multi-octave spectral overlap and phase matching in the DUV region—this review further explores D-scan techniques leveraging third-order nonlinear effects and their derivatives. It elucidates how these methodologies push the application boundaries of D-scan toward the single-cycle limit and into the DUV regime. Finally, current challenges confronting D-scan technology are outlined, including its reliance on external components and its extension to longer wavelengths and longer pulse durations. The paper concludes with an outlook on the future trajectory of D-scan technology within strong-field physics and attosecond science.
- dispersion scan /
- ultra-short pulse characterization /
- phase retrieval /
- nonlinear optics

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图 1 (a)离散PNPS形式体系示意图；(b)COPRA算法第一阶段：局部迭代；(c)COPRA算法第二阶段：全局迭代^[22]

Figure 1. (a) Diagram of the discrete PNPS formalism. (b) First stage of COPRA: local iteration. (c) Second stage of COPRA: global iteration^[22]

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图 2 不同噪声水平下的模拟SHG D-scan测量结果：(a)、(d)、(g)分别展示了随机生成的相位、强度、频谱响应函数加0%、5%、10%白高斯噪声（WGN）的模拟SHG D-scan轨迹；(b)、(e)、(h)对应时间带宽积分别为3.4、7.1和5.3的频谱强度（黑色曲线）、原始信号（蓝色曲线）及恢复相位（红色虚线曲线）；(c)、(f)、(i)为最优玻璃插入点处原始（蓝色曲线）与恢复（红色虚线曲线）脉冲波形^[24]

Figure 2. Simulated SHG d-scan measurements for different noise levels. (a), (d), (g) Simulated SHG d-scan traces with randomly generated phases, intensities, spectral response functions, and additive WGN of 0%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. (b), (e), (h) Spectral intensities (black curves) together with the original (blue curves) and the retrieved phases (dashed red curves), corresponding to time-bandwidth products of 3.4, 7.1, and 5.3, respectively. (c), (f), (i) Original (blue curves) and retrieved (dashed red curves) pulse shapes in time domain at the optimum glass insertion points^[24]

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图 3 (A)回归网络架构：包含四个卷积神经网络层，后接三个全连接层。输入信号为总频干扰模式，经计算层处理后，最终输出为时域电场实部与虚部的矢量形式；(B)总频干扰测量及输入频谱脉冲标签生成的框图，模拟输入信号被送入回归网络；(C) 回归网络的监督训练过程。每个干扰模式通过网络进行重建，重建脉冲与真实脉冲波形的误差值通过反向传播和梯度下降算法进行网络训练，从而优化网络参数^[25]

Figure 3. (A) Regression network architecture: four CNN layers followed by three fully connected layers. The input to this network is a sum frequency interference pattern, which is passed through the computational layers, until a final output is produced in the form of a vector of the real and imaginary parts of the temporal electric field. (B) Block diagram of sum frequency interference measurement and of the label generation from an input spectral pulse. The input of the simulation is passed on to the regression network. (C) Supervised training of the regression network. Each interference pattern is passed through the network to create a reconstruction. The error between a reconstructed pulse and its ground truth pulse shape is used in back propagation and gradient descent to train the network and improve the network parameters^[25]

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图 4 SHG D-scan实验装置；激光器采用Femtolasers Rainbow CEP(重复频率80 MHz，单脉冲能量2.5 nJ，FWHM傅里叶极限6 fs)，SHG为20 µm厚BBO晶体^[17]

Figure 4. Experimental setup. The laser is a Femtolasers Rainbow CEP (80 MHz repetition rate, energy per pulse of 2.5 nJ, FWHM Fourier limit of 6 fs), SHG is a 20 µm thick BBO crystal^[17]

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图 5 光学装置：包括上方的扫描D-scan和下方新型单发D-scan装置^[28]

Figure 5. Optical setup, comprising the scanning d-scan setup (top) and the new single-shot d-scan implementation (bottom)^[28]

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图 6 实验装置示意图：(a)170 fs脉冲的单发D-scan；(b)经过MPC后50~80 fs脉冲的单发D-scan^[32]

Figure 6. Schematic of the experimental setup: (a) single-shot d-scan of 170 fs pulses; (b) single-shot d-scan of 50-80 fs pulses after the multi-pass cell^[32]

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图 7 (a)偏振D-scan装置示意图：M代表金属镜，FM代表翻转镜，LP代表线性偏振器，C代表光收集器；(b)蓝色与红色阴影区域分别对应偏振的模拟与实测包络曲线，(b)蓝色与红色阴影区域分别对应偏振的模拟与实测包络曲线，蓝色与红色线条分别代表模拟与实测偏振门的椭圆度；(c)彩色曲线展示了电场端点随时间的演变过程，颜色深浅对应偏振态椭圆度的变化，底部及背景中的线条分别表示电场的水平与垂直分量^[33]

Figure 7. (a) Schematic diagram of the polarization d-scan setup. ‘M’ denotes Metallic Mirror, ‘FM’ for Flip Mirror, ‘LP’ for Linear Polarizer, and ‘C’ for Light Collector. (b) The shaded blue and red areas represent the simulated and measured envelopes of the polarization gate, respectively. The blue and red lines represent the degree of ellipticity for the simulated and measured polarization gate, respectively. (c) The colored line depicts the electric field endpoint’s evolution over time, with the color indicating the polarization state’s degree of ellipticity. The lines on the bottom and in the background represent the electric field’s horizontal and vertical projections, respectively^[33]

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图 8 THG D-scan实验装置^[35]

Figure 8. Experimental setup used for THG d-scan^[35]

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图 9 XPW D-scan实验装置；SM：球面镜；HCF：空芯光纤；W：楔形镜；BW：布儒斯特角楔形镜；DCM：双啁啾镜；P：宽带Glan-Taylor偏振器；SP：光谱仪^[44]

Figure 9. Experimental setup of XPW d-scan. SM, spherical mirror; HCF, hollow-core fiber; W, wedge; BW, Brewster-angled wedge; DCM, double-chirped mirror; P, broadband Glan–Taylor polarizer; and SP, spectrometer^[44]

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图 10 基于800 nm脉冲与其对应SHG的和频产生亚10 fs紫外脉冲的实验装置示意图，以及XPW D-scan脉冲表征装置；BS：分束器；TS：平移台；SP：光谱仪；DM：二向色镜；CM：啁啾镜；W：熔融石英楔；P：宽带Glan-Taylor偏振器；CCD：电荷耦合器件；SF-HCF：拉伸柔性空心光纤；F：光纤；D：熔融石英扩散器^[46]

Figure 10. Schematic of the experimental setup for generation of sub- 10 fs UV pulses via sum frequency mixing of 800 nm pulses and their corresponding second harmonic and the XPW d-scan pulse characterization device. BS, beam splitter; TS, translation stage; SP, spectrometer; DM, dichroic mirror; CM, chirped mirror; W, fused silica wedges; P, broadband Glan-laser polarizer; CCD, charge-coupled detector; SF-HCF, stretched flexible hollow-core fiber; F, fiber; and D, fused silica diffuser^[46]

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图 11 (a) SD D-scan实验装置；(b)非共线SD的波矢图；(c)SD D-scan和SHG D-scan恢复的脉宽^[48]

Figure 11. (a) Experimental setup for SD d-scan (see text for details). (b) Wavevector diagram of noncollinear SD. (c) Retrieved temporal intensities for SD and SHG d-scan^[48]

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图 12 紫外脉冲压缩与Dual SD D-scan实验装置^[49]

Figure 12. Experimental setup for UV MPC pulse compression and dual SD d-scan (see text for more details)^[49]

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图 13 信号ENL1的Dual SD D-scan结果分析：(a)测量与恢复的D-scan轨迹；(b)、(c) 脉冲E1和E2的测量光谱及恢复的光谱相位（标准偏差取自20次独立恢复）；(d)、(e)恢复的脉冲E1和E2脉宽曲线及对应的TL曲线^[49]

Figure 13. Dual SD d-scan analysis of signal ENL1. (a) Measured and retrieved d-scan traces. (b), (c) Measured spectra of pulses E1 and E2 and retrieved spectral phases (standard deviations obtained from 20 independent retrievals). (d), (e) Retrieved temporal intensity profiles of pulses E1 and E2 and corresponding transform-limited (TL) pulses^[49]

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表 1 常用超短脉冲表征技术的比较

Table 1. Comparison of commonly used ultrashort pulse characterization techniques

技术	可获取信息	测量方式	光路复杂度	脉冲形状	主要优点	主要局限
自相关	脉宽	扫描	低	需假设	光路简单，容易实现	无法获取相位
FROG	时域强度与相位	扫描	中	无需假设	信息完整、适用复杂脉冲	光路复杂难对准，反演耗时
SPIDER	光谱相位（可重构时域）	单次	中-高	无需假设	测量速度快、直接反演	对实验稳定性和色散匹配敏感
MIIPS	光谱相位（可色散补偿）	扫描	中	无需假设	可同步实现相位测量与色散补偿	依赖脉冲整形器，带宽受限
D-scan	相位与强度（可重构时域）	扫描/单次	低-中	无需假设	实验设置简单，可与脉冲压缩器集成，反演算法鲁棒性强	窄带长脉冲测量存在限制

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