Study on the effect and mechanisms of defocusing on laser cleaning of CFRP surface painting
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摘要:
目的：碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）在实际使用中表面常覆盖涂层。为实现CFRP表面涂层的无损去除，提高CFRP回收利用率。本文利用红外高重频脉冲激光器在不同离焦距离下对CFRP表面涂层的展开清洗效果和机制研究。方法：首先，在离焦距离为40 mm时，调控功率和扫描速度对CFRP表面涂层进行清洗，并观察清洗效果，得到较为优化工艺参数。在此基础上改变离焦距离再对涂层进行处理。最后，对清洗后样品进行表面形貌、元素成分以及接触角测试分析，得到不同离焦距离下的清洗效果、接触角变化规律和清洗工艺。结论：结果表明，随离焦距离增大，清洗过程由气化向热积累效应转化，适当的热量积累有助于涂层和树脂的完全去除。当功率、扫描速度和离焦距离分别为25 W、720 mm/s和40 mm时，可以在不损伤碳纤维和有效改善基材表面润湿性的情况下完全去除涂层。
Abstract:Carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are usually covered with paint in practical applications. To achieve the nondestructive removal of the surface paint on CFRP and improve the recycling rate of CFRP, this study investigated the cleaning effect and mechanism of infrared high-repetition-rate pulsed lasers on the surface paint of CFRP under different defocus distances. First, when the defocus distance was 40 mm, the surface paint of CFRP was cleaned by adjusting the power and scanning speed, and the cleaning effect was observed to obtain relatively optimized process parameters. On this basis, the paint was treated by varying the defocus distance. Finally, the cleaned samples were characterized and analyzed in terms of surface morphology, elemental composition and contact angle, so as to obtain the cleaning effect, the contact angle variation law and the cleaning process under different defocus distances. The results show that with an increase in the defocus distance, the cleaning process transforms from vaporization to a heat accumulation effect, and proper heat accumulation contributes to the complete removal of paint and resin. When the power, scanning speed and defocus distance are 25 W, 720 mm/s and 40 mm respectively, the paint can be completely removed without damaging the carbon fibers, while effectively improving the surface wettability of the substrate.
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图 1 (a) CFRP平纹编织结构示意图; (b)光学显微镜下样品的横截面形貌图; (c)横截面示意图; (d)喷漆前样品图像; (e)喷漆后样品图像
Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the plain weave structure of CFRP; (b) Cross-sectional morphology of the sample under an optical microscope; (c) Schematic diagram of the cross-section; (d) Sample image before painting; (e) Sample image after painting
图 4 负离焦(a)、零离焦(b)、正离焦(c)及光斑直径与离焦距离关系(d)的示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagrams of (a) negative defocus; (b) zero defocus; (c) positive defocus; and (d) the relationship between spot diameter and defocus distance
图 5 不同功率清洗后CFRP表面的显微形貌。(a) 20 W；(b) 25 W；(c) 30 W；(d) 35 W
Figure 5. Microscopic morphology of CFRP surface after cleaning with different powers. (a) 20 W; (b) 25 W; (c) 30 W; (d) 35 W
图 6 不同扫描速度清洗后CFRP表面的显微形貌。(a) 600 mm/s；(b) 720 mm/s；(c) 840 mm/s；(d) 960 mm/s
Figure 6. Microscopic morphology of CFRP surface after cleaning with different scanning speeds. (a) 600 mm/s; (b) 720 mm/s; (c) 840 mm/s; (d) 960 mm/s
图 7 不同离焦距离下清洗后CFRP表面的显微形貌。(a) 0 mm；(b) 20 mm；(c) 40 mm；(d) 60 mm;；(e) 80 mm；(f) 100 mm
Figure 7. Microscopic morphology of CFRP surface after cleaning under different defocus distances. (a) 0 mm; (b) 20 mm; (c) 40 mm; (d) 60 mm; (e) 80 mm; (f) 100 mm
图 8 图7(a)中方框所示局部区域的放大视图
Figure 8. Magnified view of the local area indicated by the square frame in Fig. 7(a)
图 9 清洗后试样表面的SEM形貌(离焦距离: 0~40 mm)。(a)和(b) 0 mm；(c)和(d) 20 mm；(e)和(f) 40 mm。第一和第二行分别为0°和90°方向纤维。
Figure 9. SEM morphology of the cleaned sample surface (Defocus distance: 0−40 mm). (a) and (b) 0 mm; (c) and (d) 20 mm; (e) and (f) 40 mm. The first and second rows are fibers in the 0° and 90° directions, respectively.
图 10 清洗后试样表面的SEM形貌(离焦距离: 60~100 mm)。(a)和(b) 60 mm; (c)和(d) 80 mm; (e)和(f) 100 mm。第一和第二行分别为0°和90°方向纤维。
Figure 10. SEM morphology of the cleaned sample surface (Defocus distance: 60-100 mm). (a) and (b) 60 mm; (c) and (d) 80 mm; (e) and (f) 100 mm. The first and second rows are fibers in the 0° and 90° directions, respectively.
图 11 清洗主要机制随离焦距离的变化
Figure 11. Variation of the main cleaning mechanism with defocus distance
图 12 (a)涂层; (b)树脂; 及(c)碳纤维的EDS能谱图
Figure 12. EDS spectra of (a) paint; (b) resin; and (c) carbon fibers
图 13 清洗后试样表面元素分布(离焦距离: 60~100 mm)。(a) 60 mm; (b) 80 mm; (c) 100 mm
Figure 13. Element distribution on the surface of the cleaned sample (Defocus distance: 60-100 mm). (a) 60 mm; (b) 80 mm; (c) 100 mm
图 14 离焦距离0 mm(a)和80 mm(b)清洗后试样表面的SEM形貌及残留物元素组成
Figure 14. SEM morphology and residual element composition of the cleaned sample surface at defocus distances of 0 mm (a) and 80 mm (b)
图 15 不同离焦距离清洗后试样表面元素变化趋势。(a) C和O元素; (b) Si和Ti元素
Figure 15. Variation trends of elements on the surface of the cleaned sample under different defocus distances. (a) C and O elements; (b) Si and Ti elements
图 16 不同离焦距离清洗后试样表面的接触角。(a)未清洗; (b) 0 mm; (c) 20 mm; (d) 40 mm; (e) 60 mm; (f) 80 mm; (g) 100 mm; (h) 接触角的变化趋势
Figure 16. Contact angle of the cleaned sample surface under different defocus distances. (a) Uncleaned; (b) 0 mm; (c) 20 mm; (d) 40 mm; (e) 60 mm; (f) 80 mm; (g) 100 mm; (h) Variation trend of contact angle
表 1 激光清洗工艺参数
Table 1. Process parameters for laser cleaning
Characteristics Symbols Values Units Focal length λ 500 mm Focal spot diameter D0 30 µm Input laser beam diameter d0 2.155 mm Pulse width τ 200 ns Pulse frequency f 1000 kHz Scanning track interval h 0.05 mm Cleaning times N 1 - Power P 20-35, step 5 W Scanning speed v 600-960, step 120 mm/s Defocus distance L 0-100, step 20 mm Defocus spot diameter D 30-455,step 85 µm 
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表 2 涂层、树脂和碳纤维的元素含量(at%)
Table 2. Elemental content of the paint, resin, and carbon fibers (at%)
Materials C O Si Ti Paint 79.0 16.3 0.3 4.4 Epoxy resin 86.8 13.0 0.2 0.0 Carbon fiber 99.9 0.0 0.1 0.0
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表 3 不同离焦距离清洗后试样表面的主要成分(at%)
Table 3. Prominent constituents on the sample surface after cleaning at different defocus distances (at%)
Defocus distance C O Si Ti 0 mm 83.9 15.6 0.3 0.2 20 mm 98.0 1.8 0.0 0.1 40 mm 99.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 60 mm 92.6 4.5 2.7 0.2 80 mm 87.3 11.9 0.6 0.2 100 mm 81.1 17.7 0.9 0.3
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