Coherence characteristics of optical transmission based on an atmosphere-wave-ocean coupling model
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摘要:
针对激光在空海跨域下行传输过程中受到大气湍流、气-海界面扰动和海洋湍流等多源、多尺度复杂扰动的影响，研究了光束空间相干性的演化规律，并提出了一种基于复合扰动模型的分析方法。基于Kolmogorov理论、Pierson-Moskowitz（P-M）海面波动谱以及斜程海洋折射率空间功率谱，构建了空海跨域复合扰动模型；结合Rytov近似理论，建立了互相干函数与波结构函数的解析关系，并进一步推导了高斯光束在斜程海洋湍流中的波结构函数表达式。各模型组件均通过独立验证。结果表明，湍流强度、传输距离及环境参数的变化均会显著影响光束的空间相干性，从而对跨域空间光通信系统性能产生重要影响。与单一湍流近似模型相比，所提出的复合扰动模型能够有效修正近似模型空间相干性的预测偏差，修正幅度约为20%-30%，并揭示了多源扰动对光束空间相干性演化规律的作用机制。该复合扰动模型为空海跨域光通信链路的性能评估与系统优化提供了有效支撑，有助于提升实际环境中光通信系统的稳定性与可靠性。
Abstract:During downward laser transmission across the air–sea domain, beam propagation is influenced by a range of complex, multi-source and multi-scale perturbations, including atmospheric turbulence, fluctuations at the air–sea interface, and oceanic turbulence. This study investigates the evolution of beam spatial coherence and introduces an analytical approach based on a composite perturbation model. The composite model integrates Kolmogorov turbulence theory, the Pierson–Moskowitz (P–M) sea-surface wave spectrum, and the slant-path oceanic refractive-index power spectrum. By employing the Rytov approximation, analytical expressions for the mutual coherence function and wave structure function are derived, with particular focus on the wave structure function of a Gaussian beam propagating through slant-path oceanic turbulence. Each component of the model has been individually validated. Experimental results demonstrate that variations in turbulence intensity, propagation distance, and environmental parameters significantly affect beam spatial coherence, thereby exerting a substantial impact on the performance of cross-domain optical communication systems. Compared to single-turbulence approximation models, the proposed composite perturbation model effectively reduces the spatial coherence bias by approximately 20%-30%, revealing the influence mechanisms of multi-source perturbations on coherence evolution. This model provides an effective theoretical foundation for the performance evaluation and optimization of air–sea optical communication links and enhances the stability and reliability of optical communication systems under realistic conditions.
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图 1 空气-海洋跨域下行激光通信示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of air-sea downlink laser communication
图 2 动态海面反射光和折射光分布示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of reflected and refracted light distribution on a dynamic sea surface
图 3 大气湍流下行传输中，高斯光束在不同参数下的归一化互相干函数变化。(a) ρ；(b) L1; (c) λ；(d)和(e) V和
$ C_{n}^{2}\left(0\right) $ ，L1=200 m，L1=20 km；(d)和(e)共用图例Figure 3. Variation of normalized mutual coherence function of Gaussian beam propagating downward through atmospheric turbulence under various parameters. (a) ρ; (b) L1; (c) λ；(d) and (e) V and
$ C_{n}^{2}\left(0\right) $ with L1=200 m，L1=20 km. The legends for (d) and (e) are shared.
图 4 大气湍流下行传输中，波结构函数随传输距离和空间间隔的变化
Figure 4. Variation of wave structure function with transmission distance and spatial separation for Gaussian beam propagating through atmospheric turbulence along slant paths.
图 5 不同风速条件下海面波浪能量分布。(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)对应风速分别为5、7、9、13、16、20 m/s
Figure 5. Distribution of sea surface wave energy under various wind speed conditions. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) corresponding to wind speeds of
$ {V}'=5 $ 、7、9、13、16、20 m/s
图 6 通过气-海界面传输时，归一化互相干函数随海面风速变化
Figure 6. Variation of normalized mutual coherence function with sea surface wind speed for transmission through the air-sea interface.
图 7 高斯光束通过海洋湍流下行传输时，归一化互相干函数在不同参数下的变化。(a) ρ；(b) λ; (c) (d)弱风与强风
Figure 7. Variation of normalized mutual coherence function of Gaussian beam propagating downward through oceanic turbulence under various parameters. (a) ρ; (b) α and L0; (c) λ and ρ; (d) (e) weak and strong wind, L2
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