增材制造金属反射镜的发展综述

谭淞年; 丁亚林; 许永森; 刘伟毅

doi:10.3788/CO.20201301.0075

增材制造金属反射镜的发展综述

doi: 10.3788/CO.20201301.0075

cstr: 32171.14.CO.20201301.0075

谭淞年^{1, 2, 3, ,},
丁亚林^{1, 3,},
许永森^{1, 3,},
刘伟毅^{1, 3,}

1.
中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所, 吉林长春 130033
2.
中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.
中国科学院航空光学成像与测量重点实验室, 吉林长春 130033

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划资助项目 No.2017YFC0822405

国家重点研发计划资助项目 No.2017YFC0822403

中国科学院国防科技重点实验室基金项目 No.CXJJ-19S014

详细信息

作者简介:
谭淞年(1989—)，男，吉林通化人，硕士，助理研究员，2012年、2014年于哈尔滨工业大学分别获得学士、硕士学位，主要从事光电稳定平台、金属反射镜等方面的研究。 E-mail:tansongnian@126.com

丁亚林(1964—)，男，吉林长春人，硕士，研究员，博士生导师，1987年于吉林工业大学获得学士学位，1994年于东北大学获得硕士学位，主要从事航空相机总体设计方面的研究。E-mail: dingyl_1964@126.com

许永森(1981—)，男，河南信阳人，博士，研究员，2009年于中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所获得博士学位，主要从事航空成像与测量方面的研究。E-mail: pml31@sina.com.cn

刘伟毅(1983—)，男，山东烟台人，硕士，副研究员，2006年于山东大学获得学士学位，2012年于中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所获得博士学位，主要从事相机标定及航空遥感器稳定成像技术方面的研究。E-mail: 2219101@163.com

中图分类号: TG665;V261.8
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-09-09
- 修回日期: 2019-10-12
- 刊出日期: 2020-02-01

Development of additively manufacturing metal mirrors

TAN Song-nian^{1, 2, 3
, ,},
DING Ya-lin^{1, 3
,},
XU Yong-sen^{1, 3
,},
LIU Wei-yi^{1, 3
,}

1.
Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Airborne Optical Imaging and Measurement, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China

Funds:

Supported by National Key R & D Program of China No.2017YFC0822405

Supported by National Key R & D Program of China No.2017YFC0822403

National Defense Science and Technology Key Laboratory Fund Project of the CAS No.CXJJ-19S014

More Information

Corresponding author: TAN Song-nian E-mail:tansongnian@126.com

摘要

摘要: 随着光学测量与遥感领域的不断发展，折反式光学系统对重量、体积和环境适应性等需求不断提高。基于增材制造技术的金属反射镜以其便于实现优化设计、快速制造和加工工艺性好等优点，逐渐获得国内外学者的关注与研究。与传统金属反射镜相比，增材制造金属反射镜可以提高反射镜的结构刚度，同时可实现更高程度的轻量化。增材制造反射镜可以满足光学系统对环境适应性和快速性的需求。本文首先讨论了金属反射镜的评价指标；其次，综述了国内外在基于增材制造技术制备金属反射镜领域的发展现状和技术参数，从增材制造金属反射镜的基体设计与制备和基体的后处理2个方面展开论述；然后，通过分析，总结了增材制造金属反射镜的技术路线和关键技术；最后，对增材制造反射镜的应用前景提出了展望。
- 增材制造技术 /
- 金属反射镜 /
- 折反式光学系统 /
- 表面改性 /
- 定向散射
Abstract: With the rapid development of optical measurement and remote sensing, the demand for weight, volume and environmental adaptability in folding optical systems are continuously increasing. Metal mirrors based on additive manufacturing technology are gradually gaining the attention and research of scholars at home and abroad for their easy to realize optimum design, rapid manufacturing process and high processing performance. Compared to conventional metal mirrors, additively manufacturing metal mirrors strengthen the stiffness of the mirror and achieve a higher degree of weight reduction simultaneously. Furthermore, additively manufacturing mirrors can meet the environmental adaptability and rapidity requirements of optical systems. This paper first discusses the evaluation indicators of metal mirrors. Second, the development status and technical parameters of metal mirrors based on additive manufacturing technology are reviewed. The design and preparation of metal mirrors for additive metal fabrication and the post-treatment of substrates are discussed. Then, through analysis, the preparation process and key technologies of additively manufacturing metal mirrors are summarized. Finally, prospects for additively manufacturing mirror applications are presented.
- additive manufacturing technology /
- metal mirror /
- folding optical system /
- surface modification /
- directional scattering

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图 1 背部蜂窝轻量化结构反射镜

Figure 1. Honeycomb lightweight structural mirror

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图 2 增材制造金属反射镜概念设计

Figure 2. Concept design of additively manufacturing metal mirror

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图 3 增材制造金属反射镜的设计与制备

Figure 3. Design and preparation of additively manufacturing metal mirror

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图 4 背板封闭式结构反射镜模型(a)和样件(b)

Figure 4. Model (a) and prototype (b) of backplane closed structure mirror

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图 5 FeNi36反射镜和表面缺陷

Figure 5. FeNi36 mirror and surface defects

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图 6 反射镜内部支撑结构优化前后结果

Figure 6. Internal support structure of mirror before and after optimization

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图 7 一体式金属反射镜三维结构

Figure 7. 3-D structure of one-piece metal mirror

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图 8 弓形支撑设计

Figure 8. Bow-type support design

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图 9 沃罗诺伊细胞轻量化结构

Figure 9. Voronoi cell lightweight structure

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图 10 增材制造非球面反射镜

Figure 10. Additively manufacturing aspherical mirror

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图 11 (a) 增材制造反射镜单点加工过程及(b)加工后产品

Figure 11. (a) SPDT process of mirror and (b)mirror obtained after SPDT

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图 12 增材制造反射镜抛光加工

Figure 12. Polishing process of additively manufacturing mirrors

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图 13 金属反射镜的改性和抛光

Figure 13. Modification and polishing of metal mirrors

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图 14 增材制造金属反射镜工艺路线

Figure 14. Process route of additively manufacturing mirror

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表 1 增材制造金属反射镜技术参数

Table 1. Technical parameters of additively manufacturing metal mirror

研制公司	基底材料	口径	改性镀层材料	面形精度	粗糙度	定向散射
美国康宁公司^{[9, 23]}	AlSi7Mg0.3	20 mm	Al/Al-alloy	30.3 nm (PV) 1.5 nm(RMS)	1~4 nm	消除
英国天文科技中心^{[19, 21, 26-27]}	AlSi10Mg	40 mm	NiP	16 nm(RMS)	1.9 nm	/
德国弗劳恩霍夫激光技术研究所^[13]	AlSi12	200 mm	NiP	12.5 nm(RMS)	0.4 nm	未消除
德国弗劳恩霍夫激光技术研究所^[16]	AlSi40	200 mm	NiP	7.3 nm(RMS)	0.4 nm	/
坎普望远镜光学有限公司^[28]	AlSi40	210 mm	NiP	300 nm(PV) 74 nm(RMS)	/	/
通用电力公司^[12]	AlSi10Mg	150 mm	/	43.2 nm(RMS)	7 nm	/
亚利桑那大学^{[15, 24]}	AlSi10Mg	220 mm	/	255 nm (PV)	22 nm	/

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表 2 铝合金反射镜改性参数

Table 2. Modification parameters of aluminum alloy mirror

研制公司	基底材料	改性镀层材料	镀层厚度
美国雷神公司^[35-36]	6061- T6	非晶硅和/或镍铬镀层	0.5~0.6 μm
美国雷神公司^[37]	6061- T6	NiP	2~3 μm
美国康宁公司^{[9, 23]}	AlSi7Mg0.3	Al/Al-alloy	30~300 μm
英国天文科技中心^{[19, 21, 26-27]}	AlSi10Mg	NiP	/
德国弗劳恩霍夫激光技术研究所^[13]	AlSi12	NiP	/
德国弗劳恩霍夫激光技术研究所^[16]	AlSi40	NiP	20 μm
德国弗劳恩霍夫激光技术研究所^[38]	6061-T6	NiP	20 μm

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