太赫兹偏振测量系统及其应用

鄂轶文; 黄媛媛; 徐新龙; 汪力

doi:10.3788/CO.20171001.0098

太赫兹偏振测量系统及其应用

doi: 10.3788/CO.20171001.0098

1.
中国科学院物理研究所北京凝聚态物理国家实验室, 北京 100190
2.
西北大学光子学与光子技术研究所光电技术与功能材料国家重点实验室培育基地, 陕西西安 710069

基金项目:

国家重点基础研究计划（973计划）资助项目 2014CB339800

国家自然科学基金资助项目 11374240

国家自然科学基金资助项目 11374358

教育部博士点基金资助项目 201310110007

详细信息

作者简介:
鄂轶文(1988-), 女, 内蒙古包头人, 博士研究生, 2010年于中央民族大学获得学士学位, 主要从事太赫兹与物质相互作用的研究。E-mail:eyiwen@iphy.ac.cn

通讯作者:
徐新龙(1976-)，男，江苏南通人，博士，教授，博士生导师，2000年、2003年于首都师范大学分别获得学士、硕士学位，2006年于中国科学院物理研究所获得博士学位，主要从事超材料，纳米材料的光电性质以及太赫兹光电技术等方面的研究。E-mail:xlxuphy@nwu.edu.cn

中图分类号: O441;TB97
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2016-10-27
- 修回日期: 2016-11-17
- 刊出日期: 2017-02-25

Polarization sensitive terahertz measurements and applications

1.
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China

Funds:

Supported by National Key Basic Research Program 2014CB339800

National Natural Science Foundation of China 11374240

National Natural Science Foundation of China 11374358

Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China 201310110007

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail:xlxuphy@nwu.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 麦克斯韦方程中的介质响应特性一般由本构关系中的介电函数ε（ω）和磁导率μ（ω）来描述，对于介质中传播的电磁场，通常存在两个独立的本征传播模式，它们是齐次麦克斯韦方程组的特解，各自具有特定的色散关系和偏振态。如果介质中传播的电磁场为两个本征模分量的线性迭加，其偏振态将会随着传播的过程而改变。常见的现象有各向异性晶体中的双折射、超材料中的偏振调制效应、自然界中手性材料的旋光响应以及外磁场作用下产生的Faraday效应等。本文从测量方法、数据处理、测量精度等方面介绍太赫兹时域偏振检测系统及其发展状况，特别是利用线栅、超材料以及光学手段调制太赫兹电场偏振态的方法。对近几年太赫兹偏振检测系统在分析手性超材料、太赫兹圆二色谱以及Faraday效应等实验中的应用进行了总结和讨论。最后展望了太赫兹偏振检测系统未来进一步的发展空间及应用前景。
- 太赫兹光谱 /
- 偏振检测 /
- 超材料 /
- 调制
Abstract: In Maxwell equations, the electromagnetic response of a medium is usually described by permittivity ε(ω) and permeability μ(ω) in constitutive relations. For an electromagnetic field propagating in a medium, there exist two independent eigen modes in general, each of which is a special particular solution of Maxwell equations, satisfies a unique dispersion relation and keeps its own polarization during propagation. If a traveling electromagnetic field is a linear superposition of the two eigen modes, its polarization will constantly change as propagating in medium, such as birefringence in anisotropic crystals, polarization modulation in metamaterials, optical activity in natural chiral materials and external magnetic field induced Faraday effects, etc. In this review, terahertz time-domain polarization measurement system is introduced, including principle, data processing and measurement accuracy. Polarization modulation using wire grid polarizer, metamaterial and other optical methods are discussed in detail. The applications of the polarization measurement system are reviewed in analyzing properties of chiral metamaterials, terahertz circular dichroism spectroscopy and Faraday effects. Finally, we give a brief comment on the future development and prospect of the polarization sensitive terahertz measurement technique.
- terahertz spectroscopy /
- polarization measurement /
- metamaterial /
- modulation

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图 1 常见太赫兹偏振检测方法

Figure 1. Usual terahertz polarization measurement method

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图 2 太赫兹椭偏仪^[28]

Figure 2. Terahertz ellipsometer^[28]

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图 3 任意电场偏振椭圆

Figure 3. Arbitrary electric field ellipse

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图 4 双锁相放大器反射型太赫兹偏振检测系统示意图^[33]

Figure 4. Diagram of terahertz polarization measurement reflection system with double lock-in amplifiers^[33]

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图 5 (a)无基底^[40]和(b)有基底^[41]的太赫兹金属线栅偏振片

Figure 5. Terahertz metal wire grid polarizer (a) without^[40] and (b) with^[41] substrate

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图 6 利用半导体空间光调制器调节太赫兹电场偏振态^[52]

Figure 6. Modulate terahertz electric field polarization state with semiconductor spatial light modulator^[52]

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图 7 利用气压制动调制超材料单元结构变形量以及手性特征^[53]：(a)单元结构及其两种变形模式(b)实验示意图(c)通过气压控制单元结构变形量的原理图

Figure 7. Using a pneumatic force to modulate deformation of unit cell structure and chirality^[53]; (a) unit cell and its two deformation modes, (b) experimental Diagram, (c) a schematic diagram of the pressure application for changing the deformation

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图 8 利用空间光调制器调节800 nm激光的偏振和强度从而获得不同偏振态的太赫兹脉冲^[55]；图中(a)、(b)和(c)依次为线偏振，左旋圆偏振以及右旋圆偏振太赫兹电场

Figure 8. Using spatial light modulator to modulate intensity and polarization of 800 nm laser to generate arbitrary polarization terahertz pulse^[55]; (a), (b) and (c) are linearly, left-handed and right-handed polarized terahertz electric field, respectively

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图 9 空气等离子体加螺旋电场(左)后辐射圆偏振太赫兹脉冲(右)^[57]

Figure 9. Appling spiral electric filed (left) on air plasma to radiate circularly polarized terahertz pulse (right)^[57]

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图 10 双层手性材料实现负折射率并利用800 nm激光进行调制^[62]

Figure 10. Negative refraction index realized by double layer chiral metamaterial and modulate the value using 800 nm laser^[62]

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图 11 非对称透射超材料；(a)和(b)为电场分别从样品正反两面入射所得的透射谱^[63]，‘±’表示圆偏振电场的手性

Figure 11. Asymmetric transmission of metamaterial; (a) and (b) indicate that electric filed is incident from either side of the sample respectively^[63], the sign '±' indicates the chirality of the circularly polarized electric field

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图 12 多层超材料利用F-P腔实现超高效率的偏振转换和异常折射^[64]；图(b)为样品(a)的反射谱；图(e)为样品(d)的在1.4 THz的透射率随透射角的变化情况；图(c)为样品(d)中间的超材料结构

Figure 12. Ultra high efficient polarization conversion and abnormal transmission in mutilayer metamaterial^[64]; (b) is reflection spectroscopy of sample (a); (e) is the transmission of another sample (d), which depends on transmission angle. (c) is the specific structure of middle layer in sample d

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图 13 GaAs/AlGaAs异质结的Faraday效应^[70]；(a)y方向太赫兹波形随磁场强度变化的情况；(b)太赫兹频段偏振方向以及椭圆率随磁场变化的情况

Figure 13. Faraday effect in GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction^[70]; (a) THz waveform in y direction measured with indicated magnetic field; (b) corresponding polarization direction and ellipticity

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图 14 费米能级分别为60 meV (a)和70 meV (b)单层石墨烯的量子Hall效应^[71]

Figure 14. Quantum Hall effect of single layer graphene with 60 meV (a) and 70 meV (b) Fermi energy respectively^[71]

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