Ultralow residual phase noise frequency synthesizer for space gravitational wave detection
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摘要:
基于激光干涉的空间引力波探测，对毫赫兹频段内的时钟噪声抑制水平提出了极高要求，通常通过边带倍频时钟噪声传递和导频音等技术来抑制时钟噪声。针对时钟噪声抑制技术需要的超低附加相噪的电光调制器（EOM）调制微波(2.4 GHz)和导频音射频信号(75 MHz)，本文设计、搭建并比较了两种微波合成链路。通过低相噪锁相介质振荡器（PDRO）、分频等技术，实现了超低附加相位噪频综。经测量，75 MHz导频信号在0.1 mHz、1 mHz、10 mHz、100 mHz、1 Hz处相对应的残余相噪分别为
$ 1.06\times {10}^{-3}\;\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}/\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}} $ ，$ 8.18\times {10}^{-5}\;\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}/\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}} $ ，$ 7.63\times {10}^{-6}\;\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}/\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}} $ ,$ 1.30\times {10}^{-6}\;\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}/\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}} $ ，$ 1.53\times {10}^{-7}\;\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}/\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}} $ 。该导频信号是经2.4 GHz微波分频产生时，后者的残余相噪更低，因而在20 mHz~1 Hz 频段内，两者的残余相噪都满足“太极计划”需要。后期经过降低功分、频分等器件的附加相位噪声、减小关键器件的温度敏感度及增加温度控制、导频校正等技术，还可进一步降低该频综的本底噪声，有望在0.1 mHz-1 Hz的整个频段内都满足“太极计划”需求。本文对于频综的研究结果为我国空间引力波探测需要的时频系统研制奠定了坚实基础。Abstract:A space laser interferometric gravitational wave observatory requires spaceborne clocks with ultralow phase noise in the millihertz frequency band. Such noise can be suppressed using a sideband multiplication transfer scheme and pilot tone techniques. To meet the requirements of the clock noise suppression technique, ultralow residual phase noise synthesizers are required to generate the microwave (2.4 GHz) for electro-optic modulator modulation and the pilot tone signal (75 MHz). To this end, two different structures of microwave chains have been designed, implemented and compared. The application of low phase noise phase-locked dielectric resonator oscillators (PDROs) and frequency division techniques enabled the development of a frequency synthesis chain with ultralow residual phase noise. The residual phase noise of the 75 MHz pilot signal is measured to be
$ 1.06\times {10}^{-3}\;\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}/\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}} $ ,$ 8.18\times {10}^{-5}\;\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}/\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}} $ ,$ 7.63\times {10}^{-6}\;\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}/\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}} $ ,$ 1.30\times {10}^{-6}\;\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}/\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}} $ and$ 1.53\times {10}^{-7}\;\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}/\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}} $ at Fourier frequencies of 0.1 mHz, 1 mHz, 10 mHz, 100 mHz, and 1 Hz, respectively. The pilot signal is generated by frequency division of a 2.4 GHz microwave signal, and the residual phase noise of the latter is lower. As a result, the residual phase noise levels of both signals meet the requirements of the "Taiji Program" in the range of 20 mHz to 1 Hz. By further reducing the residual phase noise of power dividers, frequency dividers and other devices, reducing the temperature sensitivity of key devices, and adding temperature control and pilot tone correction technologies, the noise floor of the frequency synthesizer can be further reduced to meet the requirements of the Taiji Project in the entire frequency range (0.1 mHz−1 Hz). The development of this frequency synthesizer lays a solid foundation for the time-frequency system required for China's space gravitational wave detection. -
图 2 （a）24次直接倍频器原理框图。（b）24次倍频器频谱图。插图：24次倍频器模块实物图。频谱仪的分辨率带宽（Resolution Bandwidth，RBW）和视频带宽（Video Bandwidth，VBW）均为91 Hz。
Figure 2. (a) Principle diagram and (b) spectrum diagram of a 24th-order direct frequency multiplier. Spectrum diagram of 24th-order frequency multiplier. Illustration: physical photo of the 24th-order frequency multiplier. The RBW and VBW of the spectrum analyzer are both 91 Hz.
图 3 2.4 GHz PDRO（a）原理框图及（b）频谱图。插图：2.4 GHz PDRO模块实物图。频谱仪的RBW和VBW均为91 Hz。
Figure 3. (a) Principle diagram and (b) spectrum diagram of a 2.4 GHz PDRO. Illustration: physical photo of the 2.4 GHz PDRO. The RBW and VBW of the spectrum analyzer are both 91 Hz.
图 4 频综链路及关键部件的绝对相位噪声。插图：绝对相噪测试构型
Figure 4. The absolute phase noise of the frequency synthesizer system and key components. Illustration: absolute phase noise test configuration
图 6 2.4 GHz频综链路的残余相位噪声
Figure 6. Residual phase noise of the 2.4 GHz frequency synthesizer system
图 8 相位温度敏感度实验结果。（a）、（c）温度变化顺序。（b）24次倍频链路输出微波相位的温度敏感度。（d）PDRO链路输出微波相位的温度敏感度
Figure 8. Experimental results of phase temperature sensitivity. (a) and (c) represent temperature variation sequence. (b) temperature sensitivity of the output microwave phase in the 24-order frequency multiplication system. (d) Temperature sensitivity of the output microwave phase in the PDRO
图 7 75 MHz频综链路及关键部件的残余相位噪声，插图：1 mHz~100 mHz区间残余相噪
Figure 7. Residual phase noise of the 75 MHz frequency synthesizer system and key components. Illustration: residual phase noise in the 1 mHz–100 mHz range
图 9 频综链路的残余频率稳定度与理论极限
Figure 9. Residual frequency stability of the frequency synthesizer system and the theoretical limit
表 1 残余相噪测量结果与太极计划需求
Table 1. Residual phase noise measurement results and Taiji program requirements
(rad· ${{\mathrm{Hz}}}^{-\frac{1}{2}} $ )频偏 太极计划残余相噪
需求2.4 GHz频综
残余相噪75 MHz频综
残余相噪0.1 mHz $ 5.79\times {10}^{-3} $ $ \leqslant 1.06\times {10}^{-3} $ $ 1.06\times {10}^{-3} $ 1 mHz $ 5.93\times {10}^{-5} $ $ \leqslant 8.18\times {10}^{-5} $ $ 8.18\times {10}^{-5} $ 10 mHz $ 6.30\times {10}^{-6} $ $ 1.19\times {10}^{-6} $ $ 7.63\times {10}^{-6} $ 100 mHz $ 6.28\times {10}^{-6} $ $ 2.22\times {10}^{-7} $ $ 1.30\times {10}^{-6} $ 1 Hz $ 6.28\times {10}^{-6} $ $ 6.96\times {10}^{-8} $ $ 1.53\times {10}^{-7} $ 
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