Effects of sinusoidal mid-spatial frequency surface errors on optical transfer function
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摘要:目的
中频面形误差（MSFSE）会导致光学系统发生小角度散射，影响系统性能。为了在光学设计和光学加工中制定合理的中频面形误差公差，就中频面形误差对光学系统光学传递函数（MTF）的影响进行了量化研究。在衍射受限条件下，推导出正弦型中频面形误差对光学系统MTF的影响的表达式并对其进行分析，然后通过光学设计软件仿真验证理论推导结果。
方法假设光学系统光瞳上带有正弦型中频面形误差，对光瞳函数进行傅里叶变换，然后平方得到点扩散函数（PSF），再对PSF进行傅里叶变换得到光学系统的光学传递函数（OTF），对OTF取模，即可得到中频误差影响下的MTF的表达式。该式与衍射受限条件下无中频误差的光学系统MTF对比，得到中频误差对光学系统MTF的量化影响。
结果理论计算结果表明：正弦型中频误差使光学系统的MTF在不同空间频率处产生不同的损失，损失值随空间频率周期性变化；峰谷值（PV）为0.030 μm、0.095 μm、0.159 μm和0.223 μm的中频面形误差，造成光学系统MTF的最大损失比例分别为0.89%、8.80%、23.48%和43.31%；随着中频误差PV的增加，MTF的损失值非线性快速增加。软件仿真结果与理论计算结果吻合。
结论研究结果能够为光学设计与加工的技术人员，确定光学成像系统中光学元件的中频面形误差的公差范围提供理论指导。
Abstract:ObjectiveMid-spatial frequency surface errors (MSFSE) can cause small angle scattering in optical systems, affecting system performance. In order to determine a reasonable tolerance for MSFSE in optical design and processing, a quantitative study is conducted on the impact of MSFSE on optical transfer function (MTF) of optical systems. Under diffraction-limited conditions, we derive an expression for the influence of MSFSE on the MTF of optical systems and analyze it. Then, we verify the theoretical derivation results through optical design software simulation.
MethodAssuming that the optical system has a sinusoidal MSFSE on the pupil, we perform Fourier transform on the pupil function and square it to obtain the point spread function (PSF), and then perform Fourier transform on the PSF to obtain the optical transfer function (OTF) of the optical system. By taking the mode of OTF, the expression of MTF under the influence of MSFSE can be obtained. By comparing this expression of MTF with the MTF of an optical system without MSFSE under diffraction-limited conditions, the quantitative impact of MSFSE on the MTF of the optical system can be obtained.
ResultTheoretical calculation results indicate that sinusoidal MSFSE can lead to different losses of MTF at different spatial frequencies, and the changes in MTF losses are periodic. The maximum loss ratios of MTF in optical systems caused by sinusoidal MSFSE with peak to valley (PV) of 0.030 μm, 0.095 μm, 0.159 μm and 0.223 μm are 0.89%, 8.80%, 23.48% and 43.31%, respectively. The loss of MTF will increase nonlinearly with the increase of PV of MSFSE. The theoretical calculation results are consistent with the software simulation results.
ConclusionThe research results can provide a theoretical basis for technical personnel in optical design and processing to determine the tolerance of MSFSE of optical elements in imaging systems.
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图 2 光瞳函数、点扩散函数和光学传递函数的关系图
Figure 2. Relationship diagram of pupil function, point spread function, and optical transfer function
图 3 光学元件的中频误差对系统MTF的影响
Figure 3. The influence of mid-spatial frequency errors of optical components on system MTF
图 5 正弦型中频相位误差的3D示意图
Figure 5. 3D schematic diagram of sinusoidal mid-spatial frequency phase errors
图 6 中频误差为0.030 μm时双高斯光学系统的MTF
Figure 6. MTF curve of a double Gaussian optical system with a 0.030 μm MSFSE
图 7 中频误差为0.095 μm时双高斯光学系统的MTF
Figure 7. MTF of a double Gaussian optical system with a 0.095 μm MSFSE
图 8 中频误差为0.159 μm时双高斯光学系统的MTF
Figure 8. MTF of a double Gaussian optical system with a 0.159 μm MSFSE
图 9 中频误差为0.223 μm时双高斯光学系统的MTF
Figure 9. MTF curve of a double Gaussian optical system with a 0.223 μm MSFSE
表 1 仿真结果与理论计算结果的对比
Table 1. Comparison between simulation results and calculation results
MSFSE PV/μm Calculation
resultSimulation
resultPercentage error 0.030 0.89% 0.86% 3.37% 0.095 8.80% 8.52% 3.18% 0.159 23.48% 22.16% 5.62% 0.223 43.31% 40.84% 5.70% 
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